Gitlow v. New York The Case and Its Impact

Gitlow v. New York (1925) examined the case of a Socialist Party member who published a pamphlet advocating for a government overthrow and was subsequently convicted by the state of New York. The Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional to suppress Gitlows speech in that instance  because the state had a right to protect its citizens from violence. (This position was later reversed in the 1930s.) More broadly, however, the Gitlow ruling  expanded  the reach of the U.S Constitutions First Amendment protections. In the decision, the court determined that First Amendment  protections applied to state governments as well as the federal government. The decision  used the  Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to establish the â€Å"incorporation principle,† which helped advance civil rights litigation for decades to come. Fast Facts: Gitlow v. State of New York Case Argued: April 13, 1923; November 23, 1923Decision Issued:  June 8, 1925Petitioner:  Benjamin GitlowRespondent:  People of the State of New YorkKey Questions: Does the First Amendment prevent a state from punishing political speech that directly advocates violent overthrow of the government?Majority Decision: Justices Taft, Van Devanter, McReynolds, Sutherland, Butler, Sanford, and StoneDissenting: Justices Holmes and BrandeisRuling: Citing the Criminal Anarchy Law, the State of New York could prohibit advocating violent efforts to overthrow the government. Facts of the Case In 1919, Benjamin Gitlow was a member of the Left Wing section of the Socialist Party. He managed a paper whose headquarters doubled as an organizing space for members of his political party. Gitlow used his position at the paper to order and distribute copies of a pamphlet called the â€Å"Left Wing Manifesto.† The pamphlet called for the rise of socialism through revolt against the government using organized political strikes and any other means. After distributing the pamphlet, Gitlow was indicted and convicted by the Supreme Court of New York under the New York’s Criminal Anarchy Law. The Criminal Anarchy Law, which was adopted in 1902,  prohibited anyone from spreading the idea that the U.S. government should be overthrown through force or any other unlawful means. Constitutional Issues Gitlow’s attorneys appealed the case to the highest level:  the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court was tasked with deciding whether New York’s Criminal Anarchy Law violated the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Under the First Amendment, can a state prohibit individual speech if that speech calls for overthrowing of the government? The Arguments Gitlow’s attorneys argued that the Criminal Anarchy Law was unconstitutional. They asserted that, that under the  Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, states could not create laws that violated  First Amendment protections. According to Gitlow’s attorneys, the Criminal Anarchy Law unconstitutionally suppressed Gitlow’s right to free speech. Furthermore, they argued, under Schenck v. U.S., the state needed to prove that the pamphlets created a â€Å"clear and present danger† to the U.S. government in order to suppress the speech. Gitlow’s pamphlets had not resulted in harm, violence, or the overthrowing of the government. Counsel for the state of New York argued that the state had a right to prohibit threatening speech. Gitlow’s pamphlets advocated for violence and the state could constitutionally suppress them in the interest of safety. Counsel for New York also argued that the Supreme Court should not meddle in state affairs, asserting that the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution should remain exclusively part of the federal system because the New York State Constitution adequately protected Gitlow’s rights. Majority Opinion Justice Edward Sanford delivered the opinion of the court in 1925. The Court found that the Criminal Anarchy Law was constitutional because the state had a right to protect its citizens from violence. New York could not be expected to wait for violence to break out before suppressing speech advocating for that violence. Justice Sanford wrote, â€Å"[T]he immediate danger is none the less real and substantial, because the effect of a given utterance cannot be accurately foreseen.† Consequently, the fact that no actual violence had come from the pamphlets was irrelevant to the Justices. The Court drew upon two previous cases, Schenck v. U.S. and Abrams v. U.S., to demonstrate that the First Amendment was not absolute in its protection of free speech. Under Schenck, speech could be limited if the government could demonstrate that the words created a â€Å"clear and present danger.† In Gitlow, the Court partially overturned Schenck, because the Justices did not adhere to the â€Å"clear and present danger† test. Instead, they reasoned that a person simply needed to show a â€Å"bad tendency† for speech to be suppressed. The Court also found that the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights was meant to apply to state laws as well as federal laws. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment reads that no state can pass a law that deprives any person of life, liberty, or property. The court interpreted â€Å"liberty† as the freedoms listed in the Bill of Rights (speech, the exercise of religion, etc.). Therefore, through the Fourteenth Amendment, states have to respect the first amendment right to freedom of speech. Justice Sanfords opinion explained: â€Å"For present purposes we may and do assume that freedom of speech and of the press — which is protected by the First Amendment from abridgment by Congress — are among the fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the States.† Dissenting Opinion In a famous dissent, Justices Brandeis and Holmes sided with Gitlow. They did not find the Criminal Anarchy Law unconstitutional, but instead argued that it had been improperly applied. The Justices reasoned that the court should have upheld the Schenck v. U.S. decision, and that they could not show that Gitlow’s pamphlets created a â€Å"clear and present danger.† In fact, the Justices opined: â€Å"Every idea is an incitement [†¦]. The only difference between the expression of an opinion and an incitement in the narrower sense is the speakers enthusiasm for the result.† Gitlow’s actions did not meet the threshold set by the test in Schenck, the dissent argued, and thus his speech should not have been suppressed. The Impact The ruling was groundbreaking for several reasons. It overturned a previous case, Barron v. Baltimore, by finding that the Bill of Rights applied to the states and not just the federal government. This decision would later become known as the â€Å"incorporation principle† or the â€Å"incorporation doctrine.† It laid the groundwork for civil rights claims that would reshape American culture in the following decades. With respect to free speech, the Court later reversed its Gitlow position. In the 1930s, the Supreme Court made it increasingly difficult to suppress speech. However, criminal anarchy laws, like the one in New York, remained in use until the late 1960s as a method of  suppressing some types of political speech. Sources Gitlow v. People, 268 U.S. 653 (1925).Tourek, Mary. â€Å"New York Criminal Anarchy Law Signed.†Ã‚  Today in Civil Liberties History, 19 Apr. 2018, todayinclh.com/?eventnew-york-criminal-anarchy-law-signed.

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight In Heaven Essay

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight In Heaven Defining exactly what shapes ethnic identity in the United States is the hardest question I can imagine being asked. As a child born in the United States, I find this question so difficult because I have been exposed to a large variety of cultures within the small boundaries of my own family. This makes it very difficult to determine one, or even a few characteristics that define ethnic identity. In the case of many of these novels, the task of defining ethnic identity is not so complicated. The list of determinants that I believe to define ethnic identity includes language, geographic location, and tradition. Language is the most obvious determinant of ethnic identity, especially†¦show more content†¦In the book that I chose to read, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven, by Sherman Alexie, this was the chief determinant of ethnicity. In this novel, the main character spends much of his life on an Indian Reservation. The Reservation facilitates only Indians, and each inhabitant of the Reservation seems to know what the others are thinking. They all seem to accept the fact that the entire Reservation suffers with alcoholism, which was a burdening theme of the entire novel. The fact that all of the Indians live in the same area, with limited interaction involving non-Indian people, defines them as an ethnic race. In the case of this novel, they may have been poorly defined as alcoholics, but the Reservation defined them, nonetheless. Part of the definition of ethnic identity can often times be the common rejection of other ethnic values for a specific reason. This rejection of influence from other ethnicities seemed to be quite a common theme in all of the novels reviewed in our selection, but most abundant in Coming of Age in Mississippi, by Anne Moody. In this novel there was consistent conflict among black slaves due to the turmoil endured throughout lives in which rich, white plantation owners were served. Many slaves, and freed slaves that maintained the same duties with pay when awarded their freedom, were fed up with working for men that had treated them so poorly in the past. Lack of employment optionsShow MoreRelated Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven956 Words   |  4 Pagesa person tried to be unique, the society would try to drag that person down to society’s hopeless status. Personally, I couldn’t stand a minute in a world like that. Unfortunate ly, worlds like these exist. In Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven, Alexie writes about a typical Indian reservation in the United States without hope, diversity, uniqueness, heroes and role models. A large majority of the Native American population are hopelessly drinking their lives away withRead More Comparing Black Elk Speaks and The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven1679 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Black Elk Speaks and The Lone Ranger and Tonto FistFight in Heaven      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Traditionally, Native American Literature has been an oral genre. Although Native American Literature was the first American literature created, it has been the last to be recognized -and, to some extent, is still waiting for full recognition (www.usc.edu). With the Indian being forced to assimilate, their literature was forced to take on a written form. Although the traditional way of storytelling has changedRead MoreThe Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight In Heaven Analysis993 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wrong American Dream: Struggling to Assimilate in â€Å"The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven† â€Å"Kill the Indian and save the Man,† sounds more like something out of a dystopian novel than an educational campaign slogan, but in 1887 those were the words chosen by Army Lt. Richard Henry Pratt to garner public support for government’s attempt to forcefully â€Å"Americanize† Native Americans. Native Americans that survived violence were coerced into wearing white man’s clothes, cutting their hairRead MoreSherman Alexie s The Lone Ranger And Tonto Fight984 Words   |  4 Pages In Sherman Alexie’s, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven the author grabs the attention of the reader when he focuses on moments of racism and discrimination of Indian characters, these situations can be applicable to modern day American society. In the collection, Alexie depicts the life of several Indian’s lives, living on the Spokane Indian reservation many of whom face discrimination on a daily basis. The ideas behind the bigotry in the assortment of stories are backed by Alexie’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Lone Ranger And Tonto Heaven 804 Words   |  4 PagesWithin â€Å"The Lone Ranger and Tonto in Heaven†, Victor is the main character of the stories in the book. Though his character, Victor was the young teenager who grows up in the Indian Reservation, and he is observing his society and struggle of the Indian Identity, alcoholic behavior, and family relationships. Sherman Alexie is the author s of the book, and he grows up in t he Spokane Indian Reservation in Washington. He also wrote books, poems, and movie scripts. In his writing, he is rememberingRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s The Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight 1233 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout â€Å"The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven† the theme of resilience is deliberately presented. Native Americans past and present continue to face stifling issues such as racism, alcoholism, isolation and suicide. Sherman Alexie makes it his obligation in his stories and poems to show Native American resiliency through humor. By using his characters to show resiliency through humor Alexie presents humor as an integral part of Native American survival. In Sherman Alexie’sRead MoreEssay Sherman Alexie1140 Words   |  5 Pagesgraduated in American Studies from Washington State. He then received two consecutive Fellowships in 1991 and 1992, and shortly thereafter wrote six poetry and poem/short story books. Two of these, The Business of Fancy Dancing and The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven, earned him literary awards (What 1). By 1998, his list of accomplishments grew to include Reservation Blues (1995), which earned him Granta’s Best of Young Novelists, the Before Columbus Foundations Book Award, and the Murray MorganRead MoreSpecial Talents: Story Telling and Imagination 568 Words   |  2 Pagesthe same as imagination in that it again is a debatable topic. Some people think it is useful and entertaining, while some people believe otherwise and think it is ignorant and a waste of time. But to Sherman Alexie author of, â€Å"The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, â€Å" it was much more than tha t. It was perhaps more like a lifestyle or something that has been passed down for centuries like Thomas Builds-The-Fire and his family. Imagination creates storytellers who then tell stories which isRead MoreThe Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven is a book written by; Sherman Alexie. In this book, Alexie writes about a group of Native Americans who live on the Spokane Indian Reservation. As this novel may be fiction, some of the stories that are portrayed in the text have some very real meaning the them. These Native Americans endure lots of heartache and tragedy in this book as they are faced with problems like alcoholism, car accidents, loss of loved one and houses burning. In the face of adversityRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sherman Alexie s The Lone Ranger And Tonto Fight Heaven 1119 Words   |  5 PagesMake It Out Alive In Sherman Alexie’s ‘The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven’ (2005 edition) alcoholism plays a huge role throughout the book. Particularly in the short stories ‘Amusement’, ‘The Only Traffic Signal on the Reservation Doesn’t Flash Red Anymore’ and ‘A Train is an Order of Occurrence Designed to Lead to Some Result’. Kids on the reservation always start off good with school and sports keeping them busy, but somewhere along the way they always seem to fall off track. That is

Crystal Violet Formal Lab free essay sample

Upon completion of the experiment it was seen that the rate of reaction of crystal violet turned out to be 1 which meant the reaction was first order with respect to crystal violet. This was deduced upon plotting the graph of ln Absorbance versus time of crystal violet and by drawing the line of best fit, which showed that the slope graph was 1 which is the rate of reaction. This whole experiment was based upon the equation: Rate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k stands for the rate constant. Introduction: Kinetics, which is the study of how fast a reaction takes place or in other words the rate of a reaction, is the main ideology in this experiment. Reaction rates can be measured in a number of ways: by monitoring the amount of product formed, by measuring the loss in mass of reactants, for reactions involving gaseous products measuring the volume of gas produced, by electrolytic conductivity, pH measurement or for colored reactants or products measuring the transmittance by the use of a colorimeter. In this experiment the last method of measurement is used which is colorimetry. Colorimetry is a method of determining the kinetics of a reaction using a spectrometer which observes the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted through a colored solution. As a reaction proceeds, the reactants either fades away or the product forms the color. By monitoring these changes the amount of product formed or reactant used up with respect to time can be monitored. The amount of light that is absorbed by a colored substance can be measured by calculating percentage absorbance or transmittance. A very helpful device known as colorimeter which is present in almost all equipped labs makes this quite simple to deduce. The machine displays the amount of light that passes through or absorbed by the substance. This instrument is based on the optics law or more commonly known as Beer-Lambert law, which is used in measuring the concentration of a solute in contrast to its absorbance. The colorimeter measures the wavelengths of different solutions as they vary. Distilled water is used as a reference in this experiment as it contains no colored elements and has a value of zero when inserted into the colorimeter. Crystal violet, a purple dye commonly used in inks or printers is reacted with sodium hydroxide, commonly known as caustic soda which is a powerful base. Sodium hydroxide is a colorless solution which when reacted with crystal violet causes it to lose its purple color and form a colorless product. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the order of the reaction with respect to crystal violet by using colorimetry. The amount of crystal violet is kept at a constant during the whole experiment while various amounts of sodium hydroxide, each of varying concentration are used. This method of determining rates is called the isolation method. Amount of reactant used with respect to time or the rate of reaction can be determined by plotting a graph of concentration versus time for the reactant if the reaction is first order. The slope is a measure of how much reactant is used per unit of time. As the concentration of reactant reduces in a chemical reaction, the slope is a negative value, hence by considering the absolute value of the slope, the rate of reaction of that reactant can be found for the reaction. If the reaction was to be of second order, a graph of ln of concentration versus time would produce the rate of reaction by determining the slope like before. It must be noted that only the absolute value of the slope matters in this situation. Third order reactions have somewhat a similar story except they require a plot of 1/concentration versus time to determine rate of reaction. When all three graphs are plotted, the graph with the line of best fit, or the one in which all point seem to be on a straight line is the correct one for the reaction. This is easily drawn using the LoggerPro software. When all three graphs are drawn, the graph with the best fit line and lowest root mean square error, or the lowest deviation from the best fit line, is the graph to be used to determine reaction kinematics. This knowledge is acquired from the equations of the integrated rate laws which are explained in the textbook. The solutions are mixed in small amounts in cuvettes and inserted into the colorimeter, which reads the percentage transmittance during the time period. The colorimeter has an enclosed space for the cuvette to be inserted making sure light from other sources does not interfere with the reaction, hence providing accurate results. The rate of the reaction is determined by using the equation: Rate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k is the rate constant for the reaction. Materials: Solutions of crystal violet and sodium hydroxide were available in the laboratory which were previously prepared of concentrations 2. 00 E-5 and 2. 00 E-2 respectively. Deionized water was used in calibration while cuvettes were used to transfer substances into the colorimeter. Magnetic stirrers along with stir bars were used in mixing the reagents together which were transferred to the beaker via pipettes to ensure accurate results were produced. Methods: Three solutions were made to be put into the cuvttes. The first of them contained 20ml of crystal violet and 20ml of sodium hydroxide. The second had 20ml crystal violet along with 10ml of distilled water and 10ml of sodium hydroxide. The third solution contained 20ml crystal violet with 15ml distilled water and 5ml sodium hydroxide. The reagents were mixed well in beakers, each containing the different solutions and were stirred sufficiently on a magnetic stir plate. The colorimeter was calibrated with distilled water which set a reference value of zero making sure that all succeeding readings would be accurate. A small sample of the first solution was placed in a cuvette which was inserted into the colorimeter. Data collection started immediately and was recorded for 15 min, the whole duration of the cuvette in the colorimeter. The different values of transmittance were recorded and the data was plotted into a graph with the help of LoggerPro software. The same procedure was repeated for the second and third solution and thereby obtaining three different Absorbance versus time graphs for each. Care was taken at every step of this experiment to ensure that errors were minimized to the fullest. The colorimeter was calibrated every time before placing a new cuvette into it to make sure results were accurate. The dye was handled with care as it leaves stain marks on any surface it is spilled on. Goggles were worn throughout the experiment to keep the eyes from risk of exposure. Safety gloves were worn to handle all reagents as one of them, sodium hydroxide, is a strong base and has significant corrosive properties. The graphs obtained from the three solutions were then manipulated using the LoggerPro software which enables he application of various calculus functions to produce different graphs, all of which lead to determination of the order of the reaction. A line of best fit was applied to all three graphs and the slopes (m), absorbance value at 7min (a) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were recorded. The first graph was reopened and a new column of ln Absorbance was made, using this data, another plot of ln Absorbance versus time was created using LoggerPro. This was done again for the second and third solutions. The graph of Absorbance versus time for the first solution was opened again to produce a graph of 1/Absorbance versus time which was saved. All of these were made possible using LoggerPro. All of the graphs produced had a line of best fit through them which made it easy to determine slope and RMSE values for each of them along with absorbance values at 7 minutes, which is the half life of the reaction period or half the time for the data to be collected. All of the data collected from the graphs were tabulated and values were used in determining the reaction rate of the reaction. Results: Figure 1: Graph slowing relationship of Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 2: Relationship of ln Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 3: Plot of 1/Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 4: ln Absorbance versus time plot for solution 2 Solution| Order(p)| ? RMSE? | 1| 0| 0. 01641| 1| 1| 0. 01129| 1| 2| 0. 3810| Table 1: RMSE values for the three graphs for solution 1 Solution| Order (p)| [OH-]0/M| Kps= -Slope(m)*| 1| 1| 10. E-3| 0. 09287| 2| 1| 5. 0E-3| 0. 1238| 3| 1| 2. 5E-3| 0. 01038| *(m= slope from plot of ln Absorbance versus time) Table 2: Slopes of the different ln Absorbance versus time for three graphs Figure 5: Plot of kps (slope) versus [OH-]0 Figure 6: Graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 Solution| Order(p)| Slope (m)| Value at 7 min (a)| RMSE| ? RMSE/a? | 1| 0| -0. 02360| 0. 271| 0. 01641| 0. 0605| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 1| 2| 0. 40210| 0. 271| 0. 3810| 1. 405| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 2| 1| -0. 12380| 0. 134| 0. 01566| 0. 1169| 3| 1| -0. 010380| 0. 492| 0. 00693| 0. 0141| Table 3: Data obtained from all the graphs plotted It was observed during the reaction that the color changed from purple to colorless at the end when taken out of the cuvette. Discussion: Table 1 shows the absolute (RMSE /a) values for the first solution. The RMSE values are obtained from the graphs produced from solution 1(graphs 1, 2 and 3). The graph with the least absolute RMSE/a value is the one with the best fit line with the greatest accuracy; hence the graph 2 or the plot of ln Absorbance versus time for solution 1 is the most accurate one as it has an absolute RMSE/a value of 0. 129. Thus it can be deduced from the table that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet. Since it is now known that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet, the functional relationship for p=1 is: ln Absorbance= [ln Absorbance]0- kpst; This equation is familiar since it is one of the integrated rate law equations as seen previously. First order reactions are determined if the plot of ln Absorbance versus time ha ve a line of best fit which is accurate. Thus the equation above shows that the best fit line from the plot would equal to –kps. Therefore the kps values would be equal to negative of the slopes of ln Absorbance versus time graphs for all three solutions which is depicted in Table 2. To determine the order of reaction with respect to [OH-] some more calculations are required and more graphs are required to be plotted. The kps values obtained from Table 2 along with the [OH-]0 values aid in the plotting of another kps versus [OH-]0 graph. The graph that is obtained is shown in Figure 5. To double check the accuracy of the graph, a second graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 is plotted which would be the graph if the reaction was to be of order 1 with respect to [OH-] which is depicted in Figure 6. When the two graphs are compared to each other and their slopes and RMSE values compared from the data collected in Table 3, it is seen that the reaction is actually in fact order 1. 5 which when rounded off to the nearest integer would be equal to 1. q= slope of plot of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0= 1. 581 as seen from Figure 6. The RMSE value is also a very low value which means that this value would be very accurate and hence the reaction would be first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The discrepancy in the final value of q can be accounted for by transfer losses, when the reagents were being transferred from the pipette to the beaker; some of it remains in the pipette and causes the concentration to be a little lower than actually reported. It should also be noted that the same cuvette was not used throughout the experiment. Different cuvettes are made from different plastics from varying compositions which mean they have different permeability which doesn’t allow the same wavelengths of light to pass through all of them, thus the colorimeter reads differently which causes errors. The reaction starts off with a purple color as crystal violet is a purple solution and sodium hydroxide is colorless. As time elapses, the violet color starts to fade away and the solution becomes colorless as their product is a colorless aqueous solution. Conclusion: Thus the above experiment concludes that the reaction was first order with respect to crystal violet and also first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The overall reaction order was 2 with respect to crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. The overall of the rate law for the reaction would be: Rate: k [CV+] [OH-]. To ensure results are more accurate in the future, a single cuvette should be used when carrying out the whole experiment and all of the reagents must be transferred efficiently without loses to and from the beaker to ensure 100% efficiency along with using proper safety equipment while handling chemicals. References: 1. Atkins, P. W. (1978). Physical chemistry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. 2. Allen, J. P. (2008). Biophysical chemistry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 3. Lindon, J. C. , Tranter, G. E. , amp; Holmes, J. L. (2000). Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry. San Diego: Academic Press. Appendix: Solution 1: Order 0, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01641/0. 271= 0. 0605 Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01129/0. 271= 0. 0416 Order 2, ? RMSE/a? =0. 3810/0. 217= 1. 4050 Solution 2, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? =0. 01566/0. 134= 0. 1169 Solution 3, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 00693/0. 492= 0. 0141

Reflective Journal for Business & Society- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theReflective Journal for Business Society. Answer: Introduction The affluent society is a society where there is no scarcity of the material benefits. The goods are available in a wide range so that the individuals can have a feasible access to a prosperous lifestyle (Black and Pemberton, 2017). In present time, the affluent society is also termed as a consumer society. A consumer society can be explained as a society where there is rising affluence, the key focus of the individuals is on construction of lifestyle, image building, and presentation of individual identity, investing time of leisure activities, increased consumption and having recognized social status (Baudrillard, 2016). With thorough readings, I have identified that globalisation; consumerism and increased technology have resulted in increased number of consumer societies. Reflective Journal: The affluent society is a consumer society There are several consequences which have occurred because of the continuous development of the consumer societies. Just like most of the people, I also used to believe that if we have enough purchasing or buying power then we must replace our goods and take use of innovating and new technologies and goods. But gaining insights from the reading I really have a good understanding of the various consequences of living in a consumer society and also its negative implications for the future generations. In a consumer society, the older goods are replaced with the newer ones. The consumers purchase the products, take use of those goods and then throw them and then new goods are purchased by the consumers (Goodwin, Ackerman and Kiron, 2013). There can be have replacements and few modifications and those goods can be reused but people have a good amount of money to purchase new products so they instead of taking use of those goods just replace them with newer ones. All such aspects of a con sumer society lead to increased level of unemployment, depression and recession. In the consumer society the craving for goods is increasing with a rapid rate and so the desire of the individuals. With the increased income a level, the purchasing power of the consumers also keeps on improve and upsurge. It is a rat race where people are striving hard to earn more and more and on the hand coping up with the increased level of work related tensions and stress. I have also agree that people are losing their present and a peaceful life for achieving the materialistic benefits to have a more leisured and luxurious lifestyle. I also certainly believe in the cataphrase that in a consumer society, The rich get richer and the poor get poorer (Yang, 2017).It is one of the most negative aspects of a consumer society that there exists economic inequality which results in increased buying power of few of the individuals and decreased living standards of few of the other segments of the society (Storper, 2010). The material wealth is now the key aspect that decides whether a society or a nation is considered as highly developed or not. There is increased dependence upon the devices which are labour saving as in homes people take use of automated machines and technologies for casual work so atht they dont have to invest their time in work harder for such non-leisure activities. Such over dependence on the devices that are labour saving give rise to a more concrete form of consumer society. The increased level of ecological imbalances is also one of the outcomes of consumerism and consumer society as for attaining a more lavished lifestyle with huge number of goods and services and this directly depletes the environment, weather and the natural habitat and eventually increase the number of health issues and level of pollution (Autio and Heinonen, 2004). There are wide consequences in context with the work as people work to attain materialistic benefits, comfort life, luxurious goods, high purchasing power and possession of techno savvy gadgets. All such aspects of the consumer society force people to earn more and more for maintaining their standard of living which affects both their health as well as the personal associations (Firat, et al., 2013). Conclusion I had a great understanding of the negative consequences and implications of the increasing number of consumer societies across the globe as every single action of the consumer society is associated with its relative implication that affects the lives of other individuals too. The world is more of a global nation where the consumption and actions of few individuals also have a widening and in-depth impact for the people residing in other overseas regions. I have also realized that, we as the consumers must analyse our buying power and must purchase goods of necessity rather than buying goods for hiking up our living standards and possessing luxurious lifestyle. By such small initiatives, there can be a big change in the societies and the issues associated with the development for consumer society can be declined and the individuals can once again attained a more satisfactory and peaceful life with increased level of economic equality. References Autio, M. and Heinonen, V., 2004. To consume or not to consume? Young peoples environmentalism in the affluent Finnish society.Young,12(2), pp.137-153. Baudrillard, J., 2016.The consumer society: Myths and structures. Sage. Black, L. and Pemberton, H., 2017.An Affluent Society?: Britain's Post-war'Golden Age'Revisited. Routledge. Firat, A., Kutucuoglu, K.Y., ArikanSaltik, I. and Ungel, O., 2013. Consumption, consumer culture and consumer society.Journal of Community Positive Practices,13(1), pp.182-203. Goodwin, N.R., Ackerman, F. and Kiron, D. eds., 2013.The consumer society(Vol. 2). Island Press. Storper, M., 2000. Lived effects of the contemporary economy: globalization, inequality, and consumer society.Public Culture,12(2), pp.375-409. Yang, Q., 2017.Interpreting gentrification in China: the rising consumer society and inequality in the state-facilitated redevelopment of the central city of Chengdu(Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).

Franchising Can Be Defined As A System Based On A Close And Ongoing Co

"Franchising can be defined as a system based on a close and ongoing collaboration whereby a company, the franchisor, gets into partnership with one or several companies, the franchisee(s). Its prime aim is to develop a franchise concept designed in the first place by the franchisor." (Internet, 1) In order to better understand the concept of franchising I will first explain several commonly used terms in this concept. ? Franchise is a legal agreement that allows one organization with a product, idea, name or trademark to transmit some rights and information about a business to an independent business owner, which in return pays a fee and royalties to the owner. ? Franchisor is a company that owns a product, service, trademark or business format and provides this to a business owner in return for a fee. Franchisor often is the one that makes the conditions under which a business owner operates, however he doesn't control the business. ? Franchisee is a business owner who purchases a franchise from franchisor and operates a business using the name, product, business format and other items provided by the franchisor. ? Franchise fee is a one time paid fee by the franchisee to the franchisor, and is paid for rights to use trademark, management assistance and some other services. ? Royalty fee is a fee continuously paid by the franchisee to the franchisor- usually paid as a percent of gross revenue earned. ? Franchise trade rule is a law by the Federal Trade Commission that places several legal requirements on the franchisors ? Trademark is a distinctive name or/and symbol used to distinguish a particular product or service from all the others. In practice we have four types of franchising- Product Franchise, Manufacturing Franchises, Business Opportunity Ventures, and Business Format Franchising. In the case of Product Franchise, manufacturers use the product franchise to govern how a retailer distributes their product. The manufacturer grants an owner of the store the authority to distribute goods by the manufacturer and he is allowed to use the name and trademark of the manufacturer. In return the storeowner has to pay a fee or purchase some inventory of stock in return for the rights given. Manufacturing Franchises provide an organization with the right to manufacture a product and to sell it using the name and the trademark provided by franchisor. This type of franchising is usually seen in food and beverages industry. Business Opportunity Venture usually requires that a business owner purchases and distributes the products for one specific company, which must provide him with the customers. In return business owner has to pay a fee or some other type of compensation. Finally, the Business Format Franchising, the most popular type, is the approach where a company provides a business owner with a proven method for operating a business using the name and the trademark. The company has to provide assistance to the owner of the business at the beginning, and the business owner has to pay a fee in return. Usually people are asking what makes one company to offer a franchise, so it is important to understand the franchisor's perspective. First of all, franchising is an opportunity for more rapid expansion. Many companies may experience of lack of capital and skilled employees, so the franchisee can offer all of that. At the beginning the franchisor assists a franchisee with obtaining financing for a new business, however the franchisee is liable for repayment of the funds. Franchisor is selecting its franchisees by their experience and skills, and in that way he/she is minimizing its risks. Another reason for franchising is higher motivation. This is because when the company franchises its operations it acquires a group of new, motivated managers, which are more accountable for actions since as an owners they are completely responsible for business outcomes. Further more capital is another reason for getting involved in franchising. The company, by franchising, is raising the money wit hout selling an interest in the business, and the franchisor is using the franchisee money for further business expansion. This way the company is avoiding the risks, which may come out from issuing stock and taking the loans. The company's image and name are at certain risk when sold to other individual. So, a franchisor is

Side jobs. Bringing in cash

Side jobs. Bringing in cash High-paying side jobs You may witness people who have an insatiable desire to accomplish more every day. They are goal-oriented and ambitious, and they need an additional occupation to develop professionally and become a person they always wanted to be. Perhaps, what we said above may be attributed to you as well. In this case, this is what we have to offer in terms of job proposals. One day, you may find yourself in a tight position of a student or an office employee, who is on a limited budget or an adult, trying to pay the bills. Whenever you feel extra money will make you happier, we suggest applying for a side-job that is going to bring extra cash and professional satisfaction. Some of the most attractive options are listed below: Fitness instructor. In case you want to obtain a side hobby and earn money at the same time, becoming a fitness instructor will certainly blend in your daily routine. There are individual instructors, who are paid to train with a particular person, and there are those who are doing group classes. If you prefer to be surrounded by people, the last option will suit you well. Normally, you will be required to get a certificate for this type of job, and six months of prior trainings are compulsory to see if you fit in a specific company of instructors, depending on your ability to communicate and establish connections with people. Commonly, group classes are fun and need you to stay determined and organized, as you may have people of different ages coming to get their fair share of personal training. Your main task would be to monitor the work out process and check on the client’s progress the whole time. Archivist. Unlike the first job, this one is for people, who can spend hours, gathering information. For those, who love catalogues and works of art, being employed as an archivist is the best chance to show themselves in the professional sphere. Sometimes, your local museum would require specialists to check on the backlogs and organize papers in alphabetical order. Apparently, you will need a degree in archive management or any other discipline, closely related to the said sphere. Marketing manager. Marketing managers create plans for companies and reach out to inform clients of these plans. They can also attend the sponsorship events to see if the product has established itself among the audience, and have the responsibility of analyzing current situations in business. You will need a certain amount of qualification for this job, and you should know it will be a temporary occupation in case you don’t have experience or happen to be currently enrolled in the university. Writer. You can work as a writer with a part-time schedule, if you feel creativity is something you can’t live without. This type of profession is perfect for those, who want to study and gain experience at the same time. Besides, they pay you well if you manage to meet the deadline and provide clients with authentic, 100% original content. Working as a writer pays off in case you want to devote your life to that sphere, too, as it develops your verbal talents as well as written communication practice, which is important if you are employed by an educational institution or an essay service company. City-guide blogger. Companies and corporations love bloggers, who write articles on their local city attractions. You can be focused on anything that draws your attention and sounds entertaining, like recreation, cultural events and architecture. The key to this side-job is being able to provide sufficient information on the sightseeing tours in your area and making sure your readers enjoy the views as they collect ideas from your blog. Some real estate companies are also interested in this kind of advertising, as they work with sales and management department and need promotion for business. The vacancy is ideal for the lovers of travel and tourism – you just have to be unique and find a personal shtick that will later become your trademark. Business consultant. Business consulting represents a broad sphere of professional knowledge, but generally, you will have to talk to the business owners and provide them with valuable advice on how to improve their performance. Business consultants can make a lot of money by facilitating several companies in finding their perfect strategy and are often present at meetings, whenever administrative help is required. You have to be a good organizer with a rhetorical talent and an excellent conversationalist to maintain a level that is required for a specific business field. You also need to possess a degree in business administration and be able to handle conflict situations at work. Stress management is important for the side jobs such as this, as you never know who you are going to cooperate with.H

The McLaren SLR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The McLaren SLR - Essay Example So let us take a look at the McLaren SLR including it’s body, motor, brakes and saftey measures. The engine capacity of McLaren SLR is 5.5 liter. It operates with two spark plugs per cylinder to increase the power of the ignition during combustion (Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, n.d.). It consists of Sensotronic brake system or electrohydraulic brake system. It should be noted that in conventional brake system, the driver is responsible for producing brake pressure whereas in Sensotronic brake system a brake fluid supplies the brake pressure. Moreover, the brake disc of this car is manufactured from carbon-ceramic. In conventional cars, brake discs are manufactured from steel. Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is used for the construction of the body of this car. Even though light weighted, this materials provides enough strength to the car so that the driver may not feel any jerking or any other lightweight related problems while driving this vehicle fast. This car requires only 3.4 seconds to attain a speed of 100 km/h. Moreover it can cross 210 km/h mark within 11.2 seconds. Even though this car weighs around 2 tons, its fuel economy is very good. McLaren Edition (2011), Stirling Moss (2009), Roadster 722 S (2009), 722 GT (2007) Roadster (2007) and 722 Edition (2006) are some of the models of cars introduced by McLaren SLR. In the latest models of McLaren SLR, innovative technologies are used with respect to suspension, breaking system, aerodynamics, interior and exterior systems. â€Å"The key modifications to the engine, which improve power by 15kW to 500kW (680hp) and add 10Nm for a total of 830Nm of torque† (McLaren 722 GT: Race Car Modifications, 2007) The latest McLaren SLR engine is capable of delivering high power and efficient torque. Modern technologies such as screw type compressor help McLaren SLR engine to deliver high performance standards. This high performing V8 engine takes only 10.6 seconds to cross the 200km/h mark and 28.8 seconds to cross the 300km/h mark. Moreover, McLaren SLR can be driven at the top speed of 334km/h. The V8 engine is mounted on a slope position with the help of a strong aluminum frame. Features such as Water-type charge-air cooling, dry sump lubrication and catalytic converters help this car to deliver the goods. Moreover, it has the ability to deliver torque of over 600 Newtonmetres, at 2000 rpm. The maximum available torque of this engine is 780 Newtonmetres at 3250 rpm (2003>2009 Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, 2012). For efficient cylinder charging, Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren has a mechanical compressor and some aluminum rotors. These equipment are Teflon coated to avoid friction losses. As mentioned earlier, Sensotronic brake system is incorporated in this car to provide additional safety. This brake system has the ability to calculate optimum brake pressure needed while the car is moving at high speeds. Various sensors are attached to the wheels of this car to calculate the speed of each wheel and apply the pressure needed to stop it. The coordination of Sensotronic brake system with Electronic Stability Program (ESP) is done beautifully in this car. It should be noted that it is difficult to achieve such effective coordination of these two entities in high performing sports cars. However, the McLaren engineers succeeded in blending these two systems without compromising on the safety systems of the car. Dynamic handling and

Industry Briefing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Industry Briefing Paper - Essay Example Modern market is highly competitive in nature. Each and every competitor is competing very hard. Managers around the world are facing lots of issues regarding placing their products in the market. Proper product placement gives significant competitive advantages to any company. In this paper, a detailed discussion will be done about the different factors related with product placement. It will be a step by step discussion. The paper will include critical analysis about product placement, review of related literature, key issues. At the end of the paper suitable recommendation and conclusion will be given. In the appendix, examples of two case studies will be given. Reflective analysis also will be done. This paper will help the Marketing Director of Bio-gloss to place their hair care products in the market. It will act as a clear guideline for the company to attract the attentions of young, fun loving girls. This paper will help the company to stand out of the competitions and will e nable to place their products uniquely. In this section of the study different product placements theory will be discussed in the context of Bio-gloss. Theories will be discussed are Buying Association Theory, Brand Association Theory and Brand Salience and Recall. According to buying association theory, buyer’s decision making process related with hair care products of Bio-gloss will start as soon as young girls are exposed to the products. The process will start with the customers having an indirect awareness or weak associations with the products of Bio-gloss. In this stage with the help of proper product placement the organization must turn the attentions of their targeted customers towards them. It is very important for the company to develop brand name, familiarity with the different products of Bio-gloss. It is also important for the company to influence the purchasing behaviours of targeted customers. How one targeted customer of Bio-gloss is being exposed to the

The implications for the justice system of the English riots Essay

The implications for the justice system of the English riots - Essay Example This essay discusses that It was believed that children were given harsh punishments and strict sentences as they were either a ten year old or a teenager who was involved in the crisis. It was argued that children of this age are unaware of what is right or wrong. This argument can be considered as no longer applicable and cannot be accepted with logical sense under the criminal justice system. Common innocent people have also been harassed a great deal during the 2011 riots in England. This harassment is not tolerable at any cost and the courts and justice system should have taken some action against such injustice and unnecessary trouble to the English citizens. The England riot of 2011 was an event where ordinary people protested against the growing inequality that was making them poorer and poorer. Although political classes have blamed gangsters for initiating such riots, the participants were found to be mostly local male teenagers and children. The faulty public policies have the major causes for the growing economic frustration of the people that resulted in riots. The criminal justice system has also been criticized for showing discriminations and unequal justice. Riot sentencing also has much stricter for these same offenses than what is usually given. A large number of arrests was also rendered unnecessary and endangered safety of children. However, the evidence is also there that the court, although accused, has acted as per laws with respect to giving punishments and strict sentences.â€Æ'... The riot situation had brought under coverage other English cities like Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham. Such a riot situation was solely a display of people’s anger against the police after the shooting incident (Slack, 2011). Review reports of riots it is said that police should have used plastic bullets and water canon to bring the situation under control. News reports published says that police should have used stuffs like water cannon and plastic bullets to bring the riot situation under control. Moreover the force deployed was insufficient to deal with the riot situation. The rioters were more in number than the force. Numbers of arrests under such circumstances were also considered not enough to control the situation. The riots caused a damage of ?300 million. More than 2500 business houses were hampered during the riots. The rioters also broke approximately 231 houses (Travis, 2011). The main reason of evoking the riot was that he police had shot down a man called Michael Duggan whom they claimed to be a gangster. The riot culminated more into an anti police movement. The lack of sympathy from the police that got revealed in the shootout acted as a driving factor for spreading of riots. Under such circumstances in the course of riots some rioters got opportunities for looting unaffordable luxury goods and they utilized it thoroughly. However racial discrimination was not noticed in the course of riots (Lewis, Newburn, Taylor and Ball, 2011). Role of gangs in England riots of 2011 Majority of the rioters were found to be males. But only a small percent of the arrested people belonged to gangs. Most of the arrested ones were not professional criminals (Smith, 2011). But those involved had not left

TESCO Human Resources Management Company

TESCO Human Resources Management Company TESCO (Tesco translation of the Chinese mainland and Taiwan Tesco translation), a large British supermarket chain. It is currently the UKs largest retailer, is second only to Wal-Mart (USA), Carrefour (France) and Home Depot (USA), the worlds fourth largest supermarket group. TESCO supermarkets first started selling the food, and gradually extended to clothing, electrical appliances, customer financial services, Internet services and telecommunications services. As of February 2006, TESCOs turnover (52 weeks) reached 38.3 billion pounds. à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢ TESCOs founder Jack Cohen, who in east London since 1919, a market selling food. TESCO The name first appeared in 1924, the first store opened in London in 1929. In 1947, the company listed on the London Stock Exchange. In 1948, the first self-service shops open for business, to date, it remains the city as a TESCO store (Metro) operations. Tesco was founded in 1919, is the UKs leading retailer, is one of the worlds top three retailers. Tesco in the world with more than 2,800 stores and distribution in 12 countries. Per week more than 3,000 million customers around the world to provide quality services. Tesco has become the annual sales of 46.6 billion pounds (about 712.98 billion yuan) of international retail enterprises in the world Fortune 500 ranking No. 59 and topped the Fortune magazine recently released 2006 the worlds most respected food and medicine shops and in 2006 Britains most respected local enterprises list of the first. Tesco for their customers monograph proud, Tesco in the world established the create value for customers to earn their lifelong trust the core concept, and the tireless efforts to provide customers with the necessary goods and services and put ourselves in aged people and others to treat customers and staff values. In 2004, Tesco entered China. Currently, Tescos has developed into a chain of hypermarkets in China with 48 stores, located in North China (including Beijing and Tianjin), East China (including Shanghai) and South China (including Guangzhou) three regions of the large retail chain TESCO first supermarket in 1956, opened in Essex County, said the house is transformed into a cinemas. First major supermarket was built in 1968, the location is West Sussex. In 1974, TESCO began selling gasoline, and in 1979 its annual turnover of over 1 billion pounds. In 1975, the first high-level department store opened. In 1997 the first large store (Extra) opened. In 1995, TESCO released his first card, and then expand its Internet services business. In the 1990s, it expanded its business to Europe, Ireland and East Asia. July 2001, TESCO began online in the United States food retail business. October 2003, began operating telecom services, including mobile phones and home phone services. August 2004, the official operation of broadband services. (B) TESCO strategy in China 1. China Market Research According to retail consultancy Retail Forward estimates made in 2005, the situation view, within the next four years, China is likely to more than Italy and France as the worlds fifth largest retail market. After all, in China is the worlds seventh-largest retail market after the United States, Japan, Britain, Germany, France and Italy. If current development of the country up to 13 million consumers and is growing the middle class is hard to ignore anyone. According to international consulting firm Bain Co. Predicts that by 2010 the number of Chinas middle class families will be based on the current San Francisco fan, overall spending will be more than 5 trillion. Retail Forward company specializes in the retail market Jingjixuejia Badi Luo also concluded that Chinas retail industry in the past five years, the annual growth rate of 7%, 5% higher than the U.S. growth rate. Market prospects can be seen. Tesco is mainly through the acquisition of Taiwans top new Tesco supermarket group officially entered the domestic market. Since then, Tescos operations in China, significantly speeding up. First, the use of the existing sales network Tesco, Tesco quickly completed in Northeast China, North China, East China market, the strategic layout, the shop in Beijing has also been identified and actively build and are expected to be officially opened in 2007 . Six months later, Tesco has started to look into the development of South China, and in April 2005, the official signing of Guangdong, which laid the foundation of its major expansion in South China, the foundation, the next step, Tesco will be mainly into the retail market in Shenzhen, the initial locations have been selected in Shenzhen Nanshan, new stores are also expected to be officially opened in 2007 signs that, Tesco is launching offensive to the Chinese market. In this regard, Tesco has made no secret of their ambitions, Tesco chief executive Lacey has more than once in public, revealed the attempt to catch up with Wal-Mart, Carrefour will. Tescos aim is to do the boss of Chinas retail industry. 2. Main ways Sourcing: Tesco in many countries have established procurement center, which makes Tesco the lowest cost to our customers around the world with cheap goods. In addition, we adopted the cooperation with local suppliers, and they share the Tesco experience in related industries and technologies. China is a can for our shops around the world to provide cheap products sourcing land. Tesco has been in China a lot of purchasing investments. We are sourcing from China worth about 11 billion of products in our stores in all global sales. As our business continues to grow, we expect this number be increased. Distribution: Our warehouse in Shanghai and set up a Commission (DC) and fresh Distribution Center (FFDC). Warehouse and distribution center systems have fresh through strict quality control procedures, advanced equipment and highly trained employees, customers continue to provide quality goods distribution. The logistics and distribution centers also contributed to the environment, so that delivery to each of the number of stores decreased from 100 times a day to only two to three times, thereby reducing traffic congestion. Supermarket operators: In 2004, we have adopted and then Tesco supermarket 25 Ting Hsin International Group to work together to enter the Chinese market. In 2006, we will hold shares from 50% to 90%. We are currently focused on the East China (including Shanghai), North China (including Beijing), South China (including Guangzhou) in these three regions continue to develop our business. In early 2008, we completed all the stores in the countrys image rectification, the existing store was renamed Tesco Tesco. As of the end of May 2008, we have 56 supermarkets in China, hypermarkets, is committed to provide customers with a shopping trip. (C) edge 1. Tescos confidence stems from its main business excels on the Of Tesco, the most proud of is the relationship with customers very well handled, and this is the main source of confidence in Tesco all. Over the years, to provide customers with more quality products and services business growth has been the key to Tesco. Tesco, wrote in the brochure: Our core philosophy is to create enough value for customers, to win the trust of their life. 2. Tesco praised another feature is its promotion of thriving e-commerce Tesco has now become the worlds largest network of supermarket business, its online store orders received each week up to 15 million, need to mobilize 1,000 trucks to placing an in the hands of these goods. Today, Tesco is on its successful experience in promoting e-commerce to open up their markets to any one, I believe the near future, Chinese consumers will also benefit from the crowded supermarket suppressing nausea and narrow the total liberation of the shopping channel out, replaced by a fresh and fast, and highly personalized online orders, the goods sent home immediately. 3. Tesco there is a big difference between its own brand has many Tesco to sell their original is a baked bread and other foods supermarket started, and now it is home to many of the production of goods placed on the supermarket shelves for reference by the customer to buy. So far, Tesco has been gradually introduced in supermarkets in Tesco than 400 own-brand goods in the next five or six years, the number of these proprietary brands are expected to grow to 3,000 species of -4000 species. 4. Tescos other big surprise move is to choose to open up overseas markets in the form of supermarkets As we all know, Tesco began to move out of their own country If we can not, a hypermarket, supermarket are all small and flexible to supermarkets in the form of special in a strange success of the overseas market has become a big unknown. To the Chinese market as an example. China seems all supermarkets are carved out of a mold, we are imitating each other, a high degree of homogeneity. Even so, Tecso still believes he can achieve excellent results. Because Tecso believe that, although models can copy, but the competition between enterprises, the total number of quality is difficult to copy, these unique qualities to become Tescos advantage. Second, human resources management (A) TESCO core concept Advocating people-oriented, our success is inseparable from the customer support and our employees. TESCO only customer satisfaction, goods and services provided, they will care again. Only employees feel their pay can be paid off, they will redouble their efforts to provide customers with even better service. Our philosophy is to create value for customers to earn their lifelong trust. We hope they will become repeat customers, often care for our supermarket. Our values reflected in how we treat our customers and employees: We put ourselves in, appreciate others. (B) Career development In one of the worlds top three retailers TESCO Group, each employee has the full freedom and career development opportunities. We respect each employees personal interests, talents, and enthusiasm. Staff are encouraged to pay their posts beyond the self and progress. The career development of creative ways to help employees to be experts in their fields, and continuously provide customers with more excellent services, but also determine our leading position in the retail business. Put ourselves in, the core values of Reciprocity is TESCO is the company to employees Connaught, to respect every employee, access to competent help, have an interesting work, self-development opportunities. (C) a professional HR team Excellent staff is to ensure that the key to the successful development of TESCO in China, I attract and retain the best talent, the company formed a team of professional human resources. From the head office, regional headquarters until every one of our stores, has a professional HR staff across the country in time for our nearly 18,000 employees service; in terms of functions, our human resources team is divided into recruitment, employee relations, compensation and benefits , training and development and organizational structure design, and to the company and employees to ensure that we provide more professional and better service. Our recruiting team gathered a group of rich experience in human resources professionals. (Iv) the recruitment and hiring procedures The company will pass a written, interviews and a series of screening and assessment process confirmed that the last hiring of qualified personnel. After being hired by the authorized officer shall report on relevant information to the personnel department to carry coverage for the entry procedures; same time the company will organize orientation for new employees to staff a more accurate understanding of TESCO. Third, the revelation As an international enterprise, not only to communicate with the staff concerned, but the idea of including human resource management, training, assessment leading all-round. As we all know, the international business worlds most powerful contemporary carrier has also been recognized as the competitive ability of a country marked an important symbol. Era of knowledge economy to international enterprises with an unprecedented opportunity for development with the same time bringing more challenges. When a company truly entered the international stage, despite all basic human resource management activity is still retained, but they form a complex. TESCO overall business strategy in order to achieve objectives, to be more effective, access, distribution and use of human resources. 1. Emphasis on human resource management theory of TESCO is emphasis on human resource management theories, guiding it as the basis for human resource management practices. From the economic man, social and self-realization and complicated man hypothesis of human nature to the hierarchy of needs theory, two-factor theory, Expectancy Theory, equity theory, Reinforcement Theory and other incentive theory; from the piecework to employee stock ownership plan ; from the Assessment Center to 360-degree performance appraisal method ; from the human resources theory to the human capital theory, human resources, strategic theory, and so no one does not reflect the United States Theoretical Studies of human resources management attention, and as such, so we can see that both the human resource management theory and practice of human resource management, TESCOs business are in the forefront of the world. 2. Human resource management and corporate culture is consistent Culture is individualism, heroism, and the three characteristics of rationalism. These characteristics reflected in the corporate culture is the pursuit of independence, freedom, the adventure competition, relying on legal regulations, self-centered and so on. TESCO Human Resources Management in the free movement of employees, emphasizing the evaluation capacity, promoted rapidly, encouraging innovation and competitive performance of Deng Deng features are closely linked to its corporate culture. TESCO Enterprises as deeply rooted in human resource management in its corporate culture, soil, therefore, TESCOs corporate human resources management a competitive advantage for their businesses an important guarantee. 3. Human resources management with the times With the political, economic, cultural, etc. continues to evolve, the living environment are constantly changing, to corresponding, TESCO Human Resources Management is also developing with the times and continue to develop. 4. Focus on the country to learn it Although TESCO Human Resources Management in a leading position in the world, but it does not rest on its laurels, but also pay attention to other countries to learn some advanced, its useful. 5. Human resources management strategy become an important component of strategic management Levin and U.S. management scholars Mitchell (Lewin Michell, 1995) pointed out that human resource management with strategy and business strategy can help enterprises to increase the use of market opportunities, improve internal organizational advantages, to help companies achieve their strategic goals. Business strategy can be divided into corporate strategy and business level strategy, TESCO Human resources management strategy is based on corporate strategy and business strategy development and business level consistent basis, through human resources management to improve enterprise performance, enterprise strategic goals, to play the strategic role of human resources management. Human Resource Management is a management function from a purely business into a strategic partnership, human resource management practices of recruitment, motivation, evaluation, compensation, training, etc., have become businesses gain a competitive advantage and achieve overall business objectives and ef fective way. In addition to human resources management of things, taking into account the employees of shareholders, customers, other businesses, governments and other stakeholders, the balance of interests. 6. Open recruitment, scientific election contract by contract before the formation of the employment relationship Enterprise managers and employees are the social and professional, freely mobile, decided to hire or dismissal under the contract. Enterprises and the employment relationship between employees, contract by contract to form the one hand, a clear interest, it also provides more mobility for employees opportunities. Enterprises have vacancies to be advertised publicly, they are considered open and public-oriented recruitment advertising is the most effective means of recruitment advertisements can also open before the election to expand the scope of enterprises, while job-seekers face of all vacancies to compete. Fully embodies the principle of equality. The requirements of business-to-recruit employees in addition attention Zhiweis requirements, also focus on interpersonal skills Hu Zhi Ye Jin Quxin. When companies in the recruitment of employees generally need to experience: (l) advertised; (2) candidates to submit a job application report; (3) According to preliminary data of the app licant and the first test screening; (4) to include those who pass the first test criminal record and the original work of the review; (5) to include those who pass the first test of knowledge, abilities, interests and occupational tests; (6) Interview; (7) to interview those who pass a comprehensive evaluation. Choose the best and a series of steps. (A) the status of human resource management and strategic positioning in the highly International human resource management point of departure in order to match business objectives of the strategic development, first by establishing a common set of corporate management, in line with the interests of all internal and external, are the entire staff agreed with the strategic goals of enterprise development and corporate vision basis. With the economy to the breadth, depth, enterprise demand for high quality talent will become urgent. (B) the development of human resource management was the development of three-dimensional TESCO, the career development of staff is not in the traditional sense to the post of promotion. Through the introduction of constructive human resource management mechanism, and constantly challenging the work of the employees; job enrichment; work rotation; human resources planning. (C) focus on corporate culture and team building TESCO staff of the enterprise culture as the companys valuable asset. Enterprises should cooperate in good faith with the staff to create the companys value, and create staff development opportunities in the enterprise, efforts to train staff of the enterprise sense of belonging, the personal development linked with the fate of the company.

student :: essays research papers

The first people that came upon the Ice Man were Helmut and Erika Simon that also meant that they were the first two to compromise the integrity of the site. When they got there they moved a birch bark bundle out of the way when they got (Page 8). The next person that came to the site was Markus Pirpamer, the manger of the Weisskugel Lodge. The way he affected the site was when he moved the axe from the rock next to the body to another rock that was close by, in addition to that he did some other general scavenging (Page 13). Anton Koler also came in and looked around the site, he even moved the axe in order to take a better picture of it (17 Page). Markus was the first to remove an item from the site, the axe (Page 17). Hans Kammerlander disturbed the site by taking the stick off the ledge near the string and fur and using it to hack away the ice around the body (Page 23). There are many thing that the could have been done better as far as the excavating of the Ice Man, the biggest being how they did it. Because every showed up at first with the thought of it being a recant accidentally death of a climber, show because of that they took less care of the scene than they would have if the new it was an archeological find. Koler used a mini jackhammer to try and unbury the Ice Man and while doing so he struck the body itself. All the moving around of all the things makes it impossible to know exactly were everything was in relation to Otzi. I has prevented us from learning for sure f this was the original place of death, meaning has the ice melted and moved this whole group half way down the mountain. This is brought up by the fact that the body was found with the blue ski clip, obviously not something from the time of the Otzi. Another thing that went wrong with the excavation is the way he molded because of the way he was left in the ice over night, eve n though covered. When dealing with the Ice Man the archaeologists had to apply different methods at different parts in time. At the very beginning before any of the real excavating had been started there was some relative dating done with the axe, using knowledge of previously found axes of this same type or style to try and put the Otzi in a time period.

Nursing ethics Essay

For the purpose of this assignment, ethics in relation to nursing will be discussed. â€Å"Ethics; A code of principles governing correct behaviour, which in the nursing profession includes behaviour towards patients and their families, visitorsand colleagues† (Oxford Dictionary of Nursing 2004). This assignment will consider autonomy as identified in a practice placement, but will also look briefly at the ethical principle of non-malefience that is relevant in this assignment. It will also closely look at this issue and will describe how the principles of ethics apply to practice. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2004). Any names of patients referred to in this assignment have been changed to protect their confidentiality. The NMC states as a registered nurse you must guard against breaches of confidentiality by protecting information from improper disclosure at all times. The placement referred to in this assignment is an Elderly Mentally Infirm (EMI) home, which is located on Merseyside. The United Kingdom Central Midwifery and Health visiting Council (UKCC 2002, clause 6)). Which is now known as The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Also state that â€Å"Health Care Professionals should recognize the respect the uniqueness and dignity of each patient and client, and respond to their need for care irrespective of their ethnic origin, religious beliefs, personal attributes, the nature if their health problems or any other factor†. Autonomy (â€Å"Greek: Auto-Nomos – nomos meaning â€Å"law†: one who gives oneself his own law) means freedom from external authority†: Wikipedia, encyclopedia (2004). On this placement, there were several examples of how autonomy influenced care delivery; this assignment will address two of these examples. The first incident involved an eighty six year old lady called Betty, who suffered with severe dementia, the Practice nurse from her surgery was coming into the home to administer the flu injection to her and several other clients. It had been recorded in Betty’s case notes that she had had a fear of  needles in the past and had refused several injections before her mental health had deteriorated, Does an autonomous decision have to be rational? â€Å"In the ideal of autonomy day – to -day decisions should be rational, i.e. consistent with the person’s life plans† Hope, Savulescu and Hendrick, (2003 p 34). Betty had no living relatives to contact to discuss her treatment. Patients suffering with dementia cannot always exercise autonomy. A client may be mentally incapacitated for various reasons. These may be temporary reasons, such as the effect of sedatory medicines, or longer-term reasons such as mental illness. It is important to remember that capacity may fluctuate, sometimes over short periods, and should therefore be regularly reassessed by the clinical team treating the client. The principles of consent continue to apply to any medication for conditions not related to the mental disorder for which they are being treated. The assessment of their capacity to consent to or refuse such medication therefore remains important. The NMC (2004) recognises that this is a complex issue that has provoked widespread concern. It involves the fundamental principles of patient and client autonomy and consent to treatment, which are set out in common law and statute and underpinned by the Human Rights Act 1998. The principle of respect for autonomy entails taking into account and giving consideration to the patient’s views on his or her treatment. Autonomy is not an all or nothing concept, an initial step maintaining Betty’s autonomy may be to clarify all the facts in the case, for example does Betty have any understanding of the risks of not having this treatment? Her mental illness means that she is unlikely to be competent to consent or refuse the injection, but an attempt should be made to explain to her, in terms that she could understand, what the treatment would involve and what the outcome would be without treatment. Has her autonomy been enhanced as much as is possible? If the conclusion is that she is unable to understand the consequences of non-treatment, or that her fear of needles is stopping her evaluating the risks, then she will not be competent to make a decision. However, this does not mean that her fears and concerns should not be  acknowledged. Mill (1982) states â€Å"†¦..the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others to do so would be wise, or even right† Mill (1982 p 68). The NMC (2004) Code of Professional Conduct 3.3 states that, â€Å"When obtaining valid consent, you must be sure that it is: given by a legally competent person, given voluntarily, and informed†. Crow (1983) suggests that it is the nurse’s responsibility to deliver care within the framework of agreed moral principles, for instance those reflected in the Code itself. The principle of non-malefience should also be considered in Betty’s treatment, it would seem to be in her best interests to be treated. If the injection is the proposed treatment, the balance of harms and benefits may be such that treatment would causes distress for a short time not such that her life is intolerable. If the decision is to give the injection, then once again respect for Betty’s wishes and concerns should influence the approach to treatment so that her fears are mitigated as much as possible. All medication given covertly must, be recorded in Betty’s case notes for future reference this shows good nursing practice. According to Wikipedia, Encyclopedia. (2006). Primum non nocere is a Latin phrase that means â€Å"First, do no harm.† The phrase is sometimes recorded as primum nil nocereIt is one of the principal precepts all medical and nursing students are being taught in medical school. It reminds a healthcare professional that he or she must consider the possible harm that any intervention might do. It is most often mentioned when debating use of an intervention with an obvious chance of harm but a less certain chance of benefit. Another example of how autonomy influenced care delivery on this placement was, the entire patient’s case notes where locked away at the nurses station and the trained nurse had the key, if anybody needed the notes the trained nurse had to either get them or issue the key, which had to be returned straight away. This involved the principle of autonomy but also the principle of non-malefience. In any situation where confidentiality is breached, the nurse or doctor must be prepared to justify his or her decision before the General Medical Council. Respect for patient autonomy (deontological theory)The principle of respect for patient autonomy acknowledges the right of a patient to have control over his or her own life, and this would include the right to decide who should have access to his or her personal information. Where the basis for the duty of confidentiality is the principle of respect for autonomy any breach of confidentiality means that the patient’s autonomy has not been respected, whether or not the patient is aware of the breach. Now due to The Freedom of information act 2000, which came into force in January 2005, patients and carers now have the right to ask to see confidential records. There are exceptions to the confidentially clause and the principles addressed in this assignment. The National Health Service (NHS) Confidentiality, Code of Practice. This provides generic guidance where there is a need to disclose information that identifies an individual and that information is held under a legal obligation of confidentiality. â€Å"The issues to be considered and the appropriate steps to take can be ascertained by working through the model and referenced text refers to appendix one, two, three. A range of information disclosure scenarios can be found in NHS Code of Conduct Confidentially (2003). These reference and illustrate the model that can be used to aid decision-making. â€Å"They highlight issues relating to particular decisions, e.g. disclosure to NHS managers or to the police. It is hoped that they cover many of the circumstances that staff currently have to deal with† (NHS 2003). In 1997, the Department of Health published the Caldicott Report (‘On the Review of Patient-Identifiable Information’). It considered the flow of  identifiable patient information and recommended that confidentiality should be safeguarded by anonymising health data, where possible. â€Å"Each NHS organisation must have a ‘guardian’ (normally a senior health professional) to oversee all procedures affecting access to person-identifiable information† DOH Caldicott report (1997). The NMC code of professional conduct: A standard for conduct performance and ethics (2004) â€Å"requires each registrant to act at all times in such a manner as to justify public trust and confidence. Registrants are personally accountable for their practice and, in the exercise of professional accountability, must work in an open and co-operative manner with patients/clients and their families, foster their independence, and recognise and respect their involvement in the planning and delivery of care.† According to Beauchamp and Childress (2001) there are four principles, which are the most widely used framework and offers a broad consideration of medical ethics issues generally, not just for use in a clinical setting. Ethics are also applied to every day living, and that everybody has their own opinion of what is ‘right or wrong’, to quote Hinchliff, Norman & Schober (2003) â€Å"getting in touch with one’s personal value base is a crucial first step in the study of nursing ethics†. After considering these four Principles, which are general guides that, leave considerable room for judgement in specific cases. â€Å"Respect for autonomy: respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices. Beneficence: this considers the balancing of benefits of treatment against the risks and costs; the healthcare professional should act in a way that benefits the patient. Non-maleficence: avoiding the causation of harm, the healthcare professional should not harm the patient. All treatment involves some harm, even if minimal, but the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits of treatment. Justice: distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly; the notion that patients in similar positions should be treated in a similar manner† (Beauchamp and Childress 2001). This assignment claims that ethics are an important part influence in the  delivery of care, but are also a very complex subject, and often leads the Healthcare Professional to examine their own ethical values, it is recommended that a wide range of reading is required to clarify the subject further. After examining the subject further, it is clear that that in the work place a majority of the delivery of care is, planned with the patients before it is put into practice, which try ‘s to ensure that ethical principles are followed. Professional practice and ethics are changing every day, and it is a complex subject it is also debatable how different people interpret ethics. Ethics is also about questioning our own and others practice â€Å"challenging our own and others practice requires courage and vigilance† Kenworthy, Snowy, & Gilling (2006). Reflection on ones own and other people’s ethical values is a very useful part of continuing learning throughout both career and life, and as a health care professional we must have a good knowledge of nursing ethics and use this in practice rather than personal opinion. In addition, with such issues as euthanasia and cloning, in the news almost every day the ethical pressures on the nursing and medical profession grows stronger. Nurses are seeking to develop further their knowledge of ethics and are increasing their ability to recognise ethical issues in practice. REFERANCE Beauchamp, T. and Childress, J. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crow, J (1983).Professional responsibility. Nursing Timesi>. 79, 19-21. Department of Health. (1998). Caldicott report. London: Department of Health. Department of Health. (2001f). The Essence of Care – PatientFocused Benchmarking for Health Care Practitioners. RetrievedSeptember 27, 2006 London: www.doh.gov.uk/essanceofcare.htmDepartment of Health. (2003). NHS code of practice: confidentiallyi> (25 28). London: Department of Health. Department of Health. (2001). Seeking consent: working witholder people London: Department of Health. Hinchliff, S. Norman, S. &Schober, J. (2003). Nursing practice and healthcare. London: Arnold. Hope, T. Savulescu, J. hendrick, J. (2003). Medical ethics and the law,the core curriculum. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Kenworthy, N. Snowley, G. & Gilling, C. (Eds.). (2006). Common foundation studies in nursing. (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall. Martin, E A (Ed.). (2004). Oxford dictionary of nursing. Oxford:Oxford university press. Mills, J (1982). On liberty. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Nursing ethics. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from Reference.com website: http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nursing_ethicsNursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Code of Professional Conduct. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery council. (2004). Standard for conduct, performanceand ethics. London: NMC. Payne, R (1992). Accountability in principle and practice. BritishJournal of Nursing. 1, p301-305. Roper, N., Logan, W.L. & Tierney, A.J. (2000). The Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing: based on activities of living. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. United Kingdom Central Council. (1998). Guidelines for mentalhealth and learning disabilities nursing (12). London: UKCC Publications.

Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness Essay Example

Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness Essay Example Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness Paper Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness Paper Essay Topic: Literature Twelfth Night The beginning of this scene is set with Orsino in his house, looking very grand yet depressed, with his servants Curio and Cesario. Orsino asks his servant Curio to bring Feste, Olivias clown to him. Curio exits. Orsino carries on with his general chatter about Olivia to Cesario. He goes on to ask if Cesario is in love. Cesario replies by describing Orsino but in a ladys form. Curio and Feste enter. Orsino orders Feste to sing the song he had sung the night before because it had made him happy. Feste then sings the song, which was about love. As soon as Feste has finished, Orsino decides that he has had enough of him and tries to get rid of him by paying him. After a short conversation, Feste takes the money and exits. Cesario tries to find out if Orsino could ever love anyone else apart from Olivia. Orsino replies by saying that no one could have such a great love for anyone as he has for Olivia. Cesario tells Orsino about his sister who died of not telling the man she loved what she felt for him. On this note, Orsino tells Cesario to go to Olivia and give her a jewel as a token of his great love for her. Cesario exits. Twelfth Night is funny to a contemporary audience because they can see that Cesario is really a woman (Viola) and that there is a love triangle between Viola-Orsino-Olivia-Cesario (Viola). This is Dramatic irony because the audience can see the love triangle. They can also observe that Orsino is besotted with Olivia and that he over expresses his love for her. Orsino also acts very effeminately by looking in mirror every 5minutes (he is also extremely vain) and by having very feminine colours all over his house. They can follow Feste s jokes well and find them funny. It is also sad to a contemporary audience because they can see Violas heart breaking over the loss of her brother and her unrequited love for Orsino. Over the loss of her brother because he had never been parted from him like that before. In loving Orsino, because she thinks that he could never love anyone apart from Olivia. In addition, she cannot reveal her identity to Orsino. Twelfth Night is funny to a pre 21st century audience because they can see the love triangle between Viola-Orsino-Olivia-Cesario (Viola) and because they know, that Cesario is a woman but played by a man. They follow Feste s jokes well and find them funny. Orsino will seem less funny to a 21st century audience because it is more common for men to act very effeminate in the 21st century. It is sad to a pre 21st century audience because they can see the heartbreak of Viola in her feelings towards Orsino and how she cannot reveal her true identity. If I were to present the play, it would be set in modern times because you can show the different costumes and be theatrical with them because people in this era do what they want with their clothes. You can express your emotions through this. The scene would be set with Orsino sitting on an aristocratic red and gold throne. I would try to make the set look like an old and classy house, with pictures and sumptuous drapes all over the set. I have chosen this because it shows how overdramatic Orsino can be. There would be red and gold all over the set because these colours are often associated with love and Valentines Day. Little details of props like a mirror and pictures of Orsino are important because they show that Orsino is vain and that he loves himself. There should be at least one servant on the stage all the time. This is to show that Orsino is very high up on the social ladder. All of these would show Orsino s character fully because of his feelings towards love. During the lines About your years my lord ~ Cesario Too old by heaven. Let the woman still take an elder than herself. ~ Orsino Shakespeare wanted this moment in the play to be intense for Cesario because of whom hes describing (Orsino). I would show this through his movements on stage. Cesario needs to be walking around thinking what to say but still needs to be quite close to Orsino. Orsino needs to be sitting very majestically on his seat until he says the line Too old by heaven. He should stand up and walk around a bit, holding himself tall. This expresses his opinion on the matter. Shakespeare puts in the line Too old by heaven to show that Orsino has his say in everything and that his opinion should count on every matter. The spotlight should be on both Cesario and Orsino at all times, the same spotlight. As they move further apart the spotlight should separate and they should have a spotlight each. This should happen because they are having a conversation. It would be different if one of the characters were giving a speech. When Cesario says About your years my lord he should say it as if he was thinking what to say, this should remind the audience that Cesario is hiding his real identity from Orsino. When Orsino says Too old by heaven, his voice should go high and shrill. Then when he carries on saying, Let still the woman take an elder than herself his voice should back to normal and talk as if he is giving Cesario some advice. During this line Truly, Sir, and pleasure will be paid for one time or another. ~ Feste Feste needs to be stood up and ready to take a bow. And after the quote he should walk backwards still in a bow. The spotlight should be on Orsino and Feste during this quote because Feste is speaking but Orsino is listening. This shows who the quote is aimed at and that theres a conversation going on between the two characters. Shakespeare wanted this moment to be quite cheeky and a male joke I would show this by the characters tone of voice. When Feste says Truly, Sir, he should say it in a very cheeky voice. But when he carries on saying and pleasure will be paid for one way or another. He should say this as though he is very masculine. And still in a very cheeky voice. During this line Thy mind is very opal. ~ Feste. Feste needs to be heading for the door before he says this line. Then when he gets to the door he needs to call out his line out. The spotlight needs to be on Feste all the time while saying this line and while he exits. Shakespeare wanted the mood at this moment to be comical yet serious and I would make this happen by the tone of Feste s voice. When Feste says, Thy mind is a very opal he needs to say it in a very low and disapproving voice to show that he thinks that Orsino changes his mind too often. His voice should also sound annoyed yet clever to show he is fast because the audience need to remember that Feste can be serious and clever even though hes the fool. During this line, She never told her love. But let concealment, like a worm in th bud, Feed on her damask cheek. She pind in thought. ~ Cesario. Cesario needs to have a sad expression on his face and look concerned about this little story. He needs to be stood up and staring into the sky and then come back down to earth when he has finished his lines. Shakespeare intended this moment to be like story time I would enhance this through the lighting. The spotlight needs to be on both Orsino and Cesario because Cesario is the storyteller and Orsino is the listener. It shows the connection between the two characters. Although there should be a brighter spotlight on Cesario. To show who is talking. Cesario needs to sound like he is quite upset about the whole story and to be quite interested about what Orsino s reply will be. During this line, I am all the daughters of my fathers house, And all the brothers too - ~ Cesario Cesario needs to be looking quite suspicious because although hes not making much sense he only just adds And all the brothers too - at the end of the quote. Cesario needs to have his back to Orsino when he says, I am all the daughters of my fathers house, And then swing round to face Orsino when he says And all the brothers too - to face his mistake. The spotlight still needs to be on both Orsino and Cesario. However, the spotlights need to be dull to show the mood of the moment is sad. This is what Shakespeare intended. Cesario needs to be speaking his line I am all the daughters of my fathers house, with sadness in his voice and a dull expression on his face. When he says his line And all the brothers too - he needs to say it like it is obvious to him. During this line, Give her this jewel: say My love can give no place, bide no delay. ~ Orsino Shakespeare intended this moment to be the definite end of the scene I would enhance this by the characters actions during this moment. Orsino needs to be pulling a ring off his finger to give to Cesario. Cesario needs to respond by putting his hand out to take the ring to Olivia. Orsino needs to be rushing to do this act and to get Cesario out of the door to see Olivia. After this line, Orsino should stand up from his seat, and then go to the door with Cesario and see that he leaves the grounds towards Olivias house. The spotlight needs to be on both Orsino and Cesario as they move throughout this quote. Then as Cesario leaves the spotlight should break. There should not be a spotlight on Cesario at this point. Only one on Orsino. Orsino s voice should sound as though this errand was very urgent and that it should be done right away. This is because after hearing the story he thinks that he might come to an end like Cesarios sister. Dramatic Irony is used in this play because this is what makes it entertaining. You know things that the characters do not. It makes you feel that you are keeping the secret from the characters, so you want people to know but you cannot tell them. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony, many metaphors and similes to make Twelfth Night a comedy which people from all eras of time will enjoy.