The Protestant Reformation Essays -- European History Religion Papers

The Protestant Reformation Presentation The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century is one of the most unpredictable developments in European history since the fall of the Roman Empire. The Reformation genuinely closes the Middle Ages and starts another time throughout the entire existence of Western Civilization. The Reformation finished the strict solidarity of Europe and introduced 150 years of strict fighting. When the contentions had finished, the political and social topography in the west had in a general sense changed. The Reformation would have been progressive enough of itself, yet it agreed in time with the opening of the Western Hemisphere to the Europeans and the advancement of guns as successful field weapons. It matched, as well, with the spread of Renaissance goals from Italy and the primary stirrings of the Scientific Revolution. Taken together, these improvements changed Europe. Reasons for the Reformation Numerous religious administrators and abbots (particularly in nations where they were additionally regional rulers) bore themselves as mainstream rulers as opposed to as hirelings of the Church. Numerous individuals from house of God parts and other beneficed ministers were essentially worried about their pay and how to expand it, particularly by joining a few prebends (even episcopal finds) in the possession of one individual, who accordingly delighted in a bigger pay and more noteworthy force. Extravagance won generally among the higher ministry, while the lower pastorate were frequently mistreated. The logical and parsimonious preparing of the church failed to impress anyone, the ethical standard of many being low, and the act of abstinence not wherever watched. Not less genuine was the state of numerous religious communities of men, and even of ladies (which were frequently homes for the unmarried daughte... ...s didn't need to be controlled by a strict pioneer or Monarchist and that a person’s life didn't need to be focused on religion or the great beyond. In the event that it were not for the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, the world we live in now would be a vastly different spot. The Protestant Reformation was a significant structure square of history, and some would state our nation. Reference index: Works Cited Birch, David. Early Reformation English Polemics. Austria: University of Salzburg, 1983. Dickens, A.G. The English Reformation. London: BT Batsford Ltd, 1989. Rex, Richard. Henry VIII and the English Reformation. London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1993. Scarisbrick, J.J. The Reformation and the English People. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Distributer Ltd, 1984. Tyacke, Nicholas. England’s Long Reformation 1500-1600. London: UCL Press, 1998.

Plants and human civilization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plants and human progress - Research Paper Example The main ranchers have aced the ground and figured out how to develop the primary oat crops. Huge territories of backwoods were chopped down and consumed for acquiring the new farming fields. In this manner entire environments were annihilated. Deforestation in the Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia (in the regions of the antiquated culture) caused the noteworthy xerophytization and desertification of these territories. In Africa and India the decay of tropical woods has caused expanding the savannah zones; the equivalent occurred in South America. It was expanded domesticated animals improvement in the North America and Central Asia, particularly in the regions of old culture close Amu Darya and Syr Darya streams. This marvel caused appearance and spread of the portable sand rises. In North America, deforestation caused disintegration and rise of huge territories which supposed barren wilderness. Time of Discovery prompted presentation and dispersal of new species, which now and again quickly spread in the new conditions. For instance, Kudzu or Pueraria lobed (Pueraria lobata) is a plant with leaves that resembles wild grapes. Kudzu originated from Japan and Southeast Asia. In 1876 this plant was imported toward the South USA (Philadelphia) and introduced as a quickly developing plant, which successfully reestablish the dirt disintegration. Over a time of 50 years in the U.S.A., Kudzu was known as the grapevine that had gulped the South. Pueraria lobed truly can fast development. Subsequently this plant could arrive at 30 meters long during 2 years. Kudzu fascinates everything in transit particularly relinquished houses, vehicles, electrical cables, different trees and bushes. The accompanying ineffective species intrusion is the importation of hares in Australia. In 1859 Thomas Austin, Australian rancher, said that the presentation of a couple of bunnies would not bring a lot of damage, yet would be simply one more wellspring of meat for trackers. He has released 24 bunnies, however to the century's end the quantity of hares enormously expanded, in light of the fact that there were no

Homeland Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Country Security - Assignment Example It was upon this disappointment that calls for rearrangements were heightened, prompting the advancement of the foundation of the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Act of 2006 (CRS, 2006a). Because of this Act, FEMA turned into a progressively autonomous element. The Act additionally gave a structure to the capabilities, jobs, obligations, and authority of the Director of FEMA. This included having experience of at the very least five years of the board and official administration, involvement with the executives of emergencies or an alternate significant field. Moreover, the chief should have shown the capacity to deal with a spending plan and considerable staff. Be that as it may, not at all like at first, the chief was relied upon to report straightforwardly to the Secretary of the Homeland security without experiencing DHS authorities. The Director of FEMA was additionally enabled to be the key consultant to the president, the Homeland Security Secretary, and the Homeland Securit y Council on issues of readiness and reaction (CRS, 2006b). The Skilled Trades Second Responders Act of 2007 was set up to enable development laborers in a fiasco readiness and responsiveness. It followed the discoveries of the Congress concerning the significance of such specialists in the recuperating procedure after the event of a debacle. As indicated by McGuire, Lee, and Drummond, (2014), the Act was planned for giving assets in the entirety of $35 million for preparing, enlisting, guaranteeing, and coordinating development laborers into exercises identified with catastrophe readiness and reaction. The way toward ordering the Act was significant as it considers the administration of fiascos from ground zero. Development laborers have the ability and apparatuses important to help the first responders to catastrophe circumstances in quite a while of doing tear-downs, pipe and electrical upkeep, cleanup of unsafe waste and different capacities that are imperative to the fiasco recuperation process (The Library of Congress, 2008).

The Nuiances of Zombie Scholarship Essay Samples

The Nuiances of Zombie Scholarship Essay Samples Whatever They Told You About Zombie Scholarship Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Show the reader you know who you are and your past and present experiences are valuable and will earn a positive effect on the future. In the debut, you can begin from the start, middle, or end of your story. The term has been part of popular culture the world over for more than a century. The scholarships you find are likely to fit into specific themes that you must have the ability to identify to be able to save your family time, frustration, stress, and most of all money. What You Need to Know About Zombie Scholarship Essay Samples My final career objective is to develop into an investment portfolio manager. Professionalism in any field needs a considerable investment of time and energy. Conversely, provision of scholarship opens the chance to additional maturation of career to obtain the experience required in leadership. 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Changing Bullying The Utilization Of School Uniforms

Changing Bullying: The Utilization of School Uniforms is Changing Bullying (Rough Draft) Christina E. Oliver ENG 122: English Composition II Instructor: Angel Vasquez January 12, 2015 Changing Bullying: The Utilization of School Uniforms is Changing Bullying One of the most important things, which we have to do as an adult or parent, is to help educate our young people. We must begin to inspect our effectiveness, to provide a sound education, for every age and aspect of human beings; within our schools. Our challenge isn’t just whether or not, we provide an adequate amount of resources for a child, but it is also whether or not their environment for learning, is suitable enough for them to learn. As we begin, to expect a certain aspect of respect within our classrooms. We have to go to the root of social indifference and judgments, which is socialized as a standard that we have grown to not accept. Our children’s social exchanges are a dependency; which is based on whether, or not they fit in to their surroundings. This root can be categorized as bullying, which can be counter reactive, with the utilization of school uniforms. Many will argue that t his indifference surfaced from many aspects such as race, location of school districts, interests in other happenings around the student. And some will say the main aspects of indifference; within our classrooms is the unacceptability of those students, who cannot afford the same given opportunities, forShow MoreRelatedNursing Education7264 Words   |  30 PagesStates on October 1, 1902 when the initial role of the school nurse was to reduce absenteeism by intervening with students and families regarding health care needs related to communicable diseases. While the nurse ¶s role hasexpanded greatly from its original focus, the essence of the practice remains the same. 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Homelessness Is A Basic Need And All Human Beings Essay

Shelter is a basic need and all human beings are entitled to it. Though some may have shelter, they not find a home. Homelessness has become rampant throughout the US population. Each day more and more people are reported not to have this basic need, sleeping in the streets and wandering all day long. This has become a major area of concern for the government, social services providers and social policy makers. The government through the US Department of Housing and Urban Development has put in enormous efforts to combat the annual rise in homelessness but the situation has not significantly been curbed. Last year, for instance, there were 92, 593 homeless people who were reported to be chronically homeless. Although this is a 16 percent drop from 2010 statistics, the current figure is enormous enough to give sleepless nights to policy makers and the federal government. (US Department of Housing and Urban Development). 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Deterioration of Patients Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Deterioration of Patients. Answer: Clinical deterioration of patients can occur at any time point during their illness or when they are under the care process. Patients generally become more vulnerable to deteriorating symptoms upon hospital admission, post-surgery or while recovering from a chronic disorder (Escobar et al., 2012). The essay will illustrate how close monitoring of the physiological changes can help in avoiding serious adverse events and reducing mortality. It will further elaborate the different barriers to such clinical monitoring. Early detection of deteriorating signs in a patient is essential to improve patient safety and the response to adverse events. Failure to closely monitor the early signs leads to increased mortality and morbidity. Around 70% patients suffering from cardiac arrest show respiratory trouble 8 hours before the episode. Responding to early detection helps to reduce mortality and associated healthcare costs. An observation chart is most essential in recording the vital signs of the patient and collecting relevant information related to identifying his health status. Vital sign detection assesses the severity of illness in the patient and connects them to timely response (Preece et al., 2012). In case of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders, timely management of beta blockers, emergency resuscitation and angiography have a substantial impact in reducing mortality. There are several barriers to early recognition of deterioration signs. The staff often fails to adequately communicate among themselves regarding the patients condition. This particularly occurs during transfers or handovers. Inexperienced staff fails to understand the information handed over to them. Incomplete compilation of fluid and observation charts lead to missing data and show discrepancies (Purling King, 2012). They fail to identify the trends of vital signs. Shortage of staff during weekends or sick leaves makes it difficult for nurses to observe the deterioration signs. In recent years, many hospitals have employed an Early warning system (EWS) that assists in early detection of critical conditions. These systems employ measurement of vital signs (Ludikhuize et al., 2012). Any deviation of the signs form the normal ranges alerts the staff of the ward or critical care team to outreach the patient and evaluate the deteriorating conditions. These systems utilize a calling criterion and empower clinicians for more effective intervention. During clinical placement, the importance of early warning systems was elucidated. A scoring system was given that helped to measure vital signs. The EWS scores for 6 physiological variables like respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, consciousness level, urine output and systolic blood pressure help to consistently determine the degree of illness and enables medical team to work faster and deliver adequate care (Smith et al., 2013). The utility of EWS across ambulance transportation and primary care was also demonstrated. Thus, it can be concluded that early warning scores play a significant role in reducing the number of patient harm or deterioration in-hospital settings. Thorough monitoring of the vital signs help to lower the hospitalization stays, health costs and mortality. If communication, inexperience and shortage of staff barriers are removed, early warning signs can effectively reduce the figures of avoidable deaths and patient deterioration cases. References Escobar, G. J., LaGuardia, J. C., Turk, B. J., Ragins, A., Kipnis, P., Draper, D. (2012). Early detection of impending physiologic deterioration among patients who are not in intensive care: development of predictive models using data from an automated electronic medical record.Journal of hospital medicine,7(5), 388-395. Ludikhuize, J., Smorenburg, S. M., de Rooij, S. E., de Jonge, E. (2012). Identification of deteriorating patients on general wards; measurement of vital parameters and potential effectiveness of the Modified Early Warning Score.Journal of critical care,27(4), 424-e7. Preece, M. H., Hill, A., Horswill, M. S., Watson, M. O. (2012). Supporting the detection of patient deterioration: observation chart design affects the recognition of abnormal vital signs.Resuscitation,83(9), 1111-1118. Purling, A., King, L. (2012). A literature review: graduate nurses' preparedness for recognising and responding to the deteriorating patient.Journal of clinical nursing,21(23-24), 3451-3465. Smith, G. B., Prytherch, D. R., Meredith, P., Schmidt, P. E., Featherstone, P. I. (2013). The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death.Resuscitation,84(4), 465-470.

Compare and contrast the way Wales and its people are portrayed in the poems Toast by Sheenagh Pugh and Some Christmas Haiku by Peter Finch Essay Example

Compare and contrast the way Wales and its people are portrayed in the poems Toast by Sheenagh Pugh and Some Christmas Haiku by Peter Finch Essay I am going to be discussing comparisons and differences between the two poems. The poem Toast is set in Cardiff. I know the poem is set in Cardiff because the poem mentions some Cardiff streets, Westgate Street, St. Johns. I dont think that Sheenagh Pugh cares that much about the stadium because she describes the stadium as vast concrete-and-glass mother-ship, I think that Sheenagh Pugh doesnt care much about the Stadium because she wouldnt have described the Stadium in this way. The poem is mostly about the summer. Theres only two lines in the poem which doesnt relate to summer with November rain, but different, as if the stones retain heat. The fact that its summer creates the atmosphere of the builders flirting with the women and the women flirting back, if it wasnt summer, the poem wouldnt mention the builders with their tops off, being whistled at. They were also described as sex objects, and happily up for it, I think that the builders are happy that its summer so that they can get the attention that they are getting. The poem tells us that the builders w ouldnt get mad that they were being whistled at they never got mad; it was too heady being young and fancied and in the sun. In my opinion a woman wrote the poem because the way the builders were described young builders lay, golden and melting, If the poem was narrated by a man, I dont think he would have described the builders in this way. I think the poem is a positive poem because there are not many negative points in the poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the way Wales and its people are portrayed in the poems Toast by Sheenagh Pugh and Some Christmas Haiku by Peter Finch specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the way Wales and its people are portrayed in the poems Toast by Sheenagh Pugh and Some Christmas Haiku by Peter Finch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the way Wales and its people are portrayed in the poems Toast by Sheenagh Pugh and Some Christmas Haiku by Peter Finch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I dont think that there are many comparisons between the poem Toast and the poem Some Christmas haiku. The only comparisons I can find are the fact that they have welsh relevance, I know this because it mentions Cardiffs streets in Toast, Westgate Street, St.Johns and in the poem Some Christmas Haiku it mentions the word Nadolig more than once. The other comparison I can find is the fact that they are both modern. I think this about the poem Toast because the only Stadium that is in Cardiff is the Millennium Stadium and it was built for the year 2000. I think that the poem Some Christmas Haiku is modern because 100 years ago people went to church, they didnt used to have cars to burn out light of a wrecked car burning. In my opinion there are only a couple of differences between the two poems. My first difference is that Toast is a positive poem and Some Christmas Haiku is a negative poem. I think that Some Christmas Haiku is a negative poem because it says of all the things we could be enjoying over the Christmas period the only thing we have left is the Christmas card image On the moors the snow caught by grass no one to see it, theres only one positive thing to look at over Christmas and there are a few negative things like a man in a Santa suit three women smoking, this is negative because it tells us people are making fun of Christmas, theyre not celebrating it the right way. Another difference I found between the two poems is that Toast is set in the summer and Some Christmas Haiku is set in the winter. The poem Some Christmas Haiku is about what Christmas like now. When I read the first two lines I thought this is going to be a positive poem On the moors the snow caught by grass. These two lines are the only positive points of the poem. This poem puts stuff in perspective of what Christmas has become sound of retching three men in an empty street crushing lager cans people are taking the excuse of it being Christmas to socialise and drink more, jut because its Christmas. Theres a very strong Haiku in the poem, which shows us that Peter Finch doesnt care much about Wales Nadolig Heddwch half of Wales dont care other half cant pronounce it this tells us what Peter Finch really thinks about Wales, he thinks that we dont care about the welsh language and we dont care if we cant pronounce it. At the end of the poem it tells us although Peter Finch is very negative about Christmas he will probably celebrate Christmas the same way next year, Sod dolig this bunt, mmm do it dunnit, don matt er do it again he There are a few Christmas images in this poem there are four negative ones and one positive one. The positive image is at the start of the poem 0n the moors the snow caught by grass, the negative images are in the chapel old wood after so many years still shining, outside the building society a man in a Santa suit and three women smoking. In my opinion this tells me that Peter Finch wants to give us a message that people in Wales are celebrating Christmas the wrong way. Toast also has some images in its poem of the builders, young builders lay golden and melting on hot pavements, vast concrete-and-glass mother-ship, these are both images of the Millennium Stadium when it was being built and after it was built. The meaning of Christmas now is presents and the turkey dinner, not many people celebrate Christmas in the right way anymore, people go to church on Christmas day, most people stay in their house having a turkey dinner an opening Christmas presents.

Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Essay Example

Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Essay Example Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Paper Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Paper Senge, (1998), in attributing the characteristics of a garden to adaptable organizations, is indeed true and can be asserted since a number of researchers (Anson, 2000; Bass, 2000; Lebrasseur, Whissell, Ojha, 2002; Mclagan, 2002; Higdon, 2003; Fried, Bruce 2006) support this view. An organization, like a garden, needs to be improved, maintained, and developed in order to become sustainable and capable of attracting customers that contribute to their success. Many organizations aimed at becoming more adaptable and flexible in their management approaches and strategies that goes along transformational change, which requires redesigning organizational culture, beliefs and norms in which effective decisions and actions are based (Anson, 2000, p. 24; Mclagan, 2002, p. 47). Adaptable organizations are more likely to gain competitive advantage if they are able to effectively manage change and continuously evolve to meet the challenges of increased competition in the marketplace. For instance, hospitals have recognized the need for technological innovation and management of change in order to cater to the changing needs of patients and demands of the healthcare industry and its environment (Fennell Alexander, 1993). Technological innovation is another important factor that contributes to organization’s change initiative. Information technology (IT) is capable of creating powerful actors in the global business world but it can also lead to a dramatic failure if companies lack skills in managing both internal and external influences, application and maintenance expertise, and change capability. Therefore, it should be combined with other innovations to create intangible assets like intellectual property and to increase organizations’ responsive capacity for long term benefits and better business process outcome (Laudeman, 2005). Â  IT innovation has helped organizations to overcome operation problems and revolutionize knowledge and information (Barry Slater 2005). For example, hospitals invested on advanced technology to provide access to data and information, strengthen initiatives in community activities and program implementation, reduce the patients’ waiting time, promote wise expenditures, devise better means of accommodating new patients, develop effective budgetary schemes, and improve performance-based human resource (HR) management (Fried 2006, p. 154). Collaboration, information-intensity, high standards, productivity, effective time management, sufficient financial resources, exceptional technical skills, competitiveness, and reflexivity should be readily available when adopting technological innovation since technology alone does not guarantee success (Laudeman, 2005). In addition managers must also deal with HR management, population ecology, institutional theory, and strategic choice to enhance organizational performance (Fennell Alexander, 1993, p. 90). The evolution of organizations in the healthcare industry has showed changes, especially in restructuring the patient-care delivery. HR professionals have moved to strategic roles and become partners and agents for culture change that enabled hospitals to ensure continued growth and financial stability (Anson 2000, p. 33). Healthcare organizations, in general, have evolved and they actually continue to evolve since the last half of the twentieth century due to the necessity of shifting from individualized system or patient-physician relationships to providing care by the organization itself, focusing on the role of medical professionals and practitioners, identifying ways to ensure performance, and observing federal and state regulations (Fennell and Alexander 1993, p. 90). In conclusion, organizations’ success in all industries depends on their capacity to evolve and adapt to the different challenges of the factors that affect business processes brought by inevitable change. Organizations have to undergo change and innovation to adapt to their environment and internal aspect just as gardens have to be improved to attract more people. References Anson, B. R. (2000). Taking Charge of Change in a Volatile Healthcare Marketplace. Human Resource Planning 23(4), 21-36. Barry, A. Slater, D. (eds.) (2005). The Technological Economy. New York: Routledge, 10, 158. Bass, B. M. (2000). The Future of Leadership in Learning Organizations. Journal of Leadership Studies 7(3), 18. Fennell, M. L. and Alexander, J. A. (1993). Perspectives on Organizational Change in the US Medical Care Sector. Annual Review of Sociology 19, 89-103. Fried, B. J. (2006). Prescription for Excellence: How Innovation Is Saving Canadas Healthcare System. American Review of Canadian Studies 36(1), 152-155. Higdon, L. I. Jr. (2003). Change from Within: The Challenge of Shaping the Institutional Culture. Liberal Education 89(1), 64-66. Laudeman, G. (2005). Information Technology and Community-Level Socio-Economic Development. Â  Journal of the Community Development Society 36(1), 41+. Lebrasseur, R., Whissell, R., Ojha, A. (2002). Organisational Learning, Transformational Leadership and Implementation of Continuous Quality Improvement in Canadian Hospitals. Australian Journal of Management 27(2), 141-162. Mclagan, P. A. (2002). Success with Change. TD 56(12) (December), 44-54.

XXX Company and Their Social Media Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

XXX Company and Their Social Media Tool - Essay Example Today, Coca-Cola continues to change with the times in ensuring up-to-date marketing strategies which involves a comprehensive social media marketing tool. Their use of the theme positivism in their new campaign aims to integrate a new approach in being able to affect not only by the linkage of the brand to their clienteles but by hoping to become a part of their general day-to-day lives. This is by connecting the product to a philosophy which centers on having a positive outlook in life despite all the hardships and that Coca-Cola is integrally a major part of it. Attributing the product with happiness is a smart and innovative move that ensures an encompassing approach to marketing. Coca-Cola was identified as second only to Facebook as the most popular page on the social networking site and what is most interesting about this is that the company has no hand in the phenomenon. This is the hand of social media at work. The company is reaping from the entire buzz because of the people behind the admiration for the well-loved product. Apparently, fans Dusty Sorg and Michael Jedrzejewski created a Facebook page devoted to Coke that all started with a quality photo of the soft drink. Now with the subsequent backing up of Coca-Cola, the web page has a record 3.3 million fans seven months from the time it was formed. Last November, Facebook created a regulation that only those associated and or authorized by the company brands have the right to generate such web pages. By the virtue of the said rule, Coke opted to let the creators run the page instead of running it themselves but simultaneously working close behind them (Barone, par. 2-4). By utilizing what is deemed as th 4Rs of social media strategy which are review, respond, record and redirect the company makes well use of the new age technique. They are building relationships by creating 1. new corporate

Applied Immunology...subunit vaccines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applied Immunology...subunit vaccines - Essay Example In Subunit Vaccines, as the name suggest, only the specific fragment of a microbe or an infectious agent (Thecochranelibrary.com, 2014). These fragments might be epitopes which are specific parts of an antigen that are easily recognizable to the antibodies or T cells. Subunit vaccines consist of about 1-20 or sometimes even more antigens, whereas it is an intense task to specify which antigen would prove the most efficient stimulator (Flower and Perrie, 2013). There are two ways of manufacturing these vaccines once the appropriate antigen has been identified: All vaccines go through careful evaluation to make sure that they are safe for consumption; however, there are some flaws in the structure of traditional vaccines that were illuminated with the creation of subunit vaccines. Usually, inactive pathogens are introduced into the immune system of a human being as a vaccine; being inactive means that the pathogen can no longer cause a disease because the viral fragment has been deactivated. The one problem with this procedure is the chance or reversion. Reversion is the process by which a microbe undergoes genetic changes, converting it into an even deadlier threat to the human body (Vaccine-safety-training.org, 2014). This risk if eradicated in the case of subunit vaccines because only the structural fragments of a pathogen are used, which means that there can be no genetic changes, hence no damage to the human body may occur (Stratton, Wilson, and McCormick, 2002). Another shortcoming of traditional live vaccines is that they cannot be used by certain groups of people, such as the elderly above 65 or even pregnant women. This is because even attenuated viruses can pose a threat to the health of these people, making it fatal for them to use these vaccines. Similar to the case before, subunit vaccines are introduced in the body as small fragments rather than a whole microbe so

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay Example for Free

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay Tony Morrison became the prominent American writer of the second half of the 20th century mainly because of her novel â€Å"The Bluest Eye† published in 1970. The novel is narrated by a young black girl, Claudia MacTeer and the reader realizes through her perception the atmosphere in the family of her friend Pecola Breedlove. The family relations in the Pecola’s family are very hostile. The topic of racial inequality is one of the central topics. African Americans and their tragedy of the lost culture are in the center of the novel.   The novel is built on the passionate desire of Pecola to be loved by her family and her school friends. Pecola thinks that the reason of the hostile attitude towards her is her black skin and she wants to resemble the American idols like Shirley Temple. Shirley Temple is just an ideal created by the mass culture, an idol which is a part of American dream. The conventional American perception of beauty is connected with the blue eyes and white skin like those of Shirley Temple. Tony Morison studies the position of the blacks in America. She names the things which sometimes are not in public but in minds. American society is divided according to the racial principle and nobody can do anything with it.    The author states that America treats its black citizens like people of a lower grade, pariahs, â€Å"There are several levels of the pariah figure working in my writing. The black community is a pariah community. Black people are pariahs. The civilization of black people that lives apart from but in juxtaposition to other civilizations is a pariah relationship. In fact, the concept of the black in this country is almost always one of the pariahs. But a community contains pariahs within it that are very useful for the conscience of that community.†(The Bluest Eye. Review). American culture has produced a utopian image of America, called â€Å"an American Dream†. It is not bad at all; it indicates, at least the standards to be reached and the goals to be gained.   This collective image is an image of a rich country populated with the nice successful people. There is only one problem in this image. The country is rich and the society is successful, but people personifying this success are narrated with the blond hair and white skin. This is just what great American Martin Luther King said about. The racial inequity is in the very essence of the American society. Pecola identifies her personal position in the community with the position of the black community in the American society, i.e. as soon as the Blacks are pariahs in the society; she feels herself a pariah within the community. What is more, she understands the position of the black community in the American society and naively associates it with her personal position in the black community. Her dream of blue eyes is a naà ¯ve attempt to break through the concept of the faceless, i.e. it is a protest against her position of a pariah. Tony Morison intentionally uses a dream of a small girl which would never come true to underline the improbability of such a dream to resemble an American icon Shirley Temple in the same way as black community would never become an equal part of the society. The values of the society imposed on the black children are destructive. Pecola is morally suppressed by the values she accepts. These values are dominant and black children are not able to evaluate them critically. Pecola is destroyed by the cultural values she has to adopt. The white culture influences the personalities of the black people especially young ones. The Anglo Saxon standards of beauty follow the children outside the class. Movie blondes with blue eyes catch their sight from the cinema screens, billboards, newspapers and magazines. There is no place to hide from the bluest eyes. These beauties keep telling the children that if they were white with blue eyes they would achieve success. This destroys the girl’s identity. She mistakenly associates her physical appearance with the wealth and happiness. White mass culture shows white skin, blue eyes and blonde hair in association with wealth, happiness and success and a young girl realizes erroneously that her life is defined by her appearance. Pecola’s admiration of Sherley Temple is one of her personal tragic illusions. The success of the movie star Temple poisons the life of Pecola. The mass culture shows the physical beauty in the context of prosperity. This self humiliation develops the complex of inferiority of the girl. â€Å"Long hours she sat looking in the mirror, trying to discover the secret of the ugliness, the ugliness that made her ignored or despised at school, by teachers and classmates alike, She was the only member of her class who sat alone at a double desk.†( Tirell, Lynne) A utopian desire to resemble an American idol became an obsession for Pecola. â€Å"Each night, without fail, she prayed for blue eyes. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ She would see only what there was to see: the eyes of other people.†( Morrison, Toni, p.45) The Pecola’s aspiration to resemble the American idol drives the girl crazy. She looses the connections with the reality. As soon as the world does not understand her desire and does not want to give her a chance to become closer to her idol she decides to lock in herself and find a piece of mind keeping her dreams in herself without letting them out. The hate of people, ideal dream on the movie star physical appearance, the hostile atmosphere at school and in the family and the rape by her father followed by the hate of her mother made the girl crazy. But she is still dreaming of her ideal. It is not the white community that has directly destroyed Pecola, but the black community and her parents. They should have insulated her from the white communitys values and have protected her (Hinda Barlaz). The words of narrator about the destructiveness of the physical beauty and romantic love are given in the context when Pauline, pregnant black American woman was watching history of romantic love in the movie theatre. She broke her tooth then as if recapitulating the comparison of romantic love in the movie with her current position. The image of Jean Harlow from the screen destroys the Pauline’s identity as a woman, her belief in American dream and her own beauty. The broken tooth symbolizes her belief in happiness which is destroyed. Toni Morrison and a great American Martin Luther King, Pecola and Pauline, Hero of the Doctorow’s Ragtime and The Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, all of them have the common feature. They are all looking for identity as well as other best representatives of the humanity. Martin Luther King and Pecola, no matter how strange it may seem had the same dream, a dream of equality for all disregarding the color of the skin. Hero of the Doctorow’s novel and Oedipus Rex were looking for their lost identity. John Lennon joined Great American King in his dream of â€Å"a brotherhood of men† in his â€Å"Imagine†. Martin Luther King was looking for the identity of the black people of America and paid his life for it. Pecola was looking for her own identity and paid her mentality. John Lennon was looking for a â€Å"brotherhood of men† and paid his life for his search. These principles can not come from the outside; they should be in the people’s mind which is an identity. A hero of one Russian classic (Bulgakov, The Heart of the Dog) kept threatening himself, â€Å"there is a devastation in the country!!!† and he got a respond â€Å"this devastation is in your mind†. The same could be said of identity. We create the identity in our minds and then we apply it to the entire society. Bibliography I Have A Dream by Martin Luther King, Jr, Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963. Source: Martin Luther King, Jr: The Peaceful Warrior, Pocket Books, NY 1968, available at http://www.mecca.org/~crights/dream.html, retrieved 7.04.2005 Tirell, Lynne. â€Å"Storytelling and Moral Agency.† Toni Morrison’s Fiction: Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David Middleton. New York: Garland, 2000. 3-25. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Penguin, 1994. Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, Review, available at http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/lit_term.html#pv Hedin, Raymond. The Structuring of Emotion in Black American Fiction. Novel 16 (1982): 35-54. Edmund A. Napieralski, Morrisons The Bluest Eye., 1994 Heldref Publications, The Explicator, Fall 1994 v53 n1 p59(4), available at http://www.cofc.edu/~farrells/Farrell/oedipus.html, retrieved 6.04.2005 Hinda A. Barlaz, A Reading Guide to Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, available at http://students.adelphi.edu/learningcenter/pdfs/tonimorrison.pdf, retrieved 6.04.2005 Trudy Mercer. Female Childhood Icons in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye, available at http://www.drizzle.com/~tmercer/write/morrison/bluesteye.shtml Chris Booker, The Social Status of the African American Male: 1999, available at http://www.pressroom.com/~afrimale/status99.htm Gibson, Donald B. (1989), â€Å"Text and Countertext in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye†, Taylor, Paul C., Journal of Aesthetics Art Criticism, MALCOLMS CONK AND DANTOS COLORS; OR, FOUR LOGICAL PETITIONS CONCERNING RACE, BEAUTY, AND ,  , available at http://www.lib.tjfsu.edu.cn/ymwx/essay/The%20Bluest%20Eye1.htm Bjork, Patrick B. The novels of Toni Morrison: the search for self and place within the community. NY: P. Lang,1996.

Women in the Apology of Socrates Essay -- essays research papers

Women in the Apology of Socrates The most striking thing about women in the Apology of Socrates is their absence from where we might expect them. Only two specific women are mentioned: 1) the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, who answers Chaerephon's question that no one is wiser than Socrates (21a); and 2) Thetis, the mother of Achilles (who himself is not mentioned by name but only referred to as the "son of Thetis"), who warns him that he will die if he kills the Trojan hero Hector (28c). Only two other times does Socrates even mention women: 1) a disparaging reference that those who embarrass the city by coming into court, weeping and carrying on to win the sympathy of the jury, "are in no way better than women" (35c); and 2) a remark that Socrates would enjoy questioning people in the hereafter, "both men and women" (41c), although everyone he actually names is male. Socrates does not mention questioning women in his investigations. Nor do women occur either as spectators to his que stions or in relation to all his talk about educating the "youth." The "youth" are obviously all young men. And again, Socrates mentions his family and his sons without mentioning his wife. Plato relates some relationships Socrates had with women (especially with Diotima in the Symposium), but those may be fictional. The only episode of Socrates questioning a woman that is clearly historical is related by Xenophon in his Recollections of Socrates: Socrates questions the courtesan Theodotà ª, who is famous for her beauty and poses for artists. Socrates lives in a world where the spheres of life of men and women were radically separate. In Plato's Symposium, which is a drinking party, both men and women are drinking and partying, but they do so in separate parts of the house. The musicans and dancers go back and forth between the men's party and the women's party. Political life was regarded by the Greeks as part of the male sphere of things, and so there were certainly no women in Socrates's jury; but it is hard to know whether there were any in the audience. There has been some dispute about whether women attended Greek plays, the comedies and tragedies, when they were staged -- though there are references by Plato to women in theater audiences. We have this difficulty in part because it was not considered proper for strange... ...ly male and all early nude art shows males, an ideal of female beauty rapidly gained ground in the century around Plato. In the three phases we can distinguish in the decoration of the Parthenon, the female figures are shown with progressively more diaphanous and revealing clothing. One of the earliest complete female nudes was a statue of Aphrodità ª that the great sculptor Praxiteles did for the island of Cos. He used as a model a famous courtesan named Phrynà ª (the scene of Phrynà ª posing at right is by the National Geographic painter H.M. Herget in Everyday Life in Ancient Times [National Geographic Society, 1961]). This was all rather shocking for the good people of Cos, who asked Praxiteles to do a more modest statue. He did, but the original went to the island of Cnidos, where it became a major local attraction. In Vamps and Tramps, Camille Paglia mentions that male visitors were so excited by the statue that they sometimes embarrassed themselves after the fashion of Pee Wee Herman. Eventually, the goddess herself was quoted as saying, "Alas, where did Praxiteles see me naked?" By the Hellenistic Age, female nudes were as common as male nudes. Thanks to friesian.com

Crime and Punishment Essay

The themes of sacrifices and egoism are usual in his works. He believes that egoism became that reason that destroyed earlier civilizations and made a threat to contemporary societies. Despite the fact that he saw nothing wrong in the wish to self-perfection, he blamed those, who tried to oppose their â€Å"I† to the rest of the world and considered only their own needs and desires. Raskolnikov, the protagonist of Crime and Punishment is severely punished for his extreme egoism and daring to take the decision about human lives. For example in The Brothers Karamazov Zosima worries about moral responsibility for all actions, committed by the person. Ivan doubts his views and states that responsibility is nothing but abstract notion and without God it becomes impossible to talk about any limits to the behavior of an individual. In the poem Ivan declaims to his brother in the cafe he expresses his view on the free will. The Inquisitor blames Jesus for giving people free will, which has become a hard burden and the reason of misery. The feeling of guilt becomes Ivan’s price for an attempt to express his free will. Dostoevsky does not agree or disagree with any opinion discussed but he constructs the plot of the story in such a way that the readers get an opportunity to get the proofs of ideas, expressed by Zosima. (Dostoevsky) The characters of Dostoesky are haunted by their past. In many his stories people cross the limit and take excessive responsibility to make the decision for other people and get severe punishment for it. In contrast to Borges, whose characters exist in present, and to Tolstoy, who regarded human history as a reason for all the events, which happen to us, Dostoevsky made the past the reason of suffering and misery. His characters are haunted by the ghosts from the past and can not find their place in present. For Dostoevsky the conflicts between free will and determination, and between egoism and responsibility become driving force and a source for creativity. All three authors use literature not only as means to bring their messages for the readers, but also as a way to resolve their inner conflicts. Art is always a personal experience for both – creator and those, who perceive it, and Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Borges make their art serve one ultimate purpose – a quest for the meaning of life. Sources Dostoevsky, Feodor (1992). Crime and Punishment. Pevear, R. and Volokhonsky, L. transl. New York: Alfred Knopf. Dostoevsky, Feodor (1992). The Brothers Karamazov. , Pevear, R. and Volokhonsky, L. transl. New York: Alfred Knopf. Dostoevsky, Fyodor translation by Pevear, Richard and Volokhonsky, Larissa (1990). The Brothers Karamazov. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Tolstoy, Leo (1969). War and Peace , transl. Rosemary Edmonds, Penguin. Borges, Jorge Luis (1998). Collected Fictions(translated by Andrew Hurley), Viking Penguin

Purpose Of Education How Children Interact With Their...

Purpose of Education The purpose of education is to help children learn core subject skills and mature into independent learners with responsibility and become leaders. Bruner cited in Driscoll (2005) focuses on â€Å"complex ideas and proposes that develop in children, as a function of an interaction within their environment and personal growth experiences† (Driscoll, 2005, p. 229). Bruner focus on how children interact with their environment, and personal experiences. For example, children like to initiate solving problems and conflicts about things in the classroom, like computers, bulletin boards, and textbooks. Children interact with knowledge, and they make suggestions about using the strategies to help them learn skills. Education has been immersed in conflict for decades. Dewey (1938) spent twenty years of experience teaching with the progressive schools and endured twenty years of criticism about his theories. He tried to raise a consciousness about conditions and insight into needed and desired changes. Many of the conflicts that surrounded education was the result of various points of view concerning the purpose of education, definition of knowledge, and arguments over which knowledge was more effective. In this paper, I will assume the position that the purpose of education is to enable individuals to achieve their full potential as leaders and members of society; this defines that these individuals will receive an education that will enable them to think and actShow MoreRelatedEducation Is The Goal Of True Education Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education.† -Martin Luther King, Jr. Education is similar to poetry, in that no one person’s interpretation is quite the same. An author may have a meaning in mind, but it’s specific meaning is determined by the reader. 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The report will demonstrate the support needs of an individual within the school and the common problems that may factor into the care and development of the child and how the school can support them, information detailing the strategies in place within the school and how staff within the school along with outer agencies collaborate togetherRead MoreAspects Of An Appropriate Inclusion Setting1442 Words   |  6 Pagesdisabilities in regular classrooms with their nondisabled peers, in the school they would attend if not disabled, to the maximum extent appropriate. There are still lots of controversial views in education as to how an inclusion setting is delivered, who is responsible, what makes this setting important and how to make it successful. When educator look at the definition of the work â€Å"Inclusion†, the laws clearly states â€Å"Inclusion is a term which expresses commitment to educate each child, to the maximum

Gitlow v. New York The Case and Its Impact

Gitlow v. New York (1925) examined the case of a Socialist Party member who published a pamphlet advocating for a government overthrow and was subsequently convicted by the state of New York. The Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional to suppress Gitlows speech in that instance  because the state had a right to protect its citizens from violence. (This position was later reversed in the 1930s.) More broadly, however, the Gitlow ruling  expanded  the reach of the U.S Constitutions First Amendment protections. In the decision, the court determined that First Amendment  protections applied to state governments as well as the federal government. The decision  used the  Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to establish the â€Å"incorporation principle,† which helped advance civil rights litigation for decades to come. Fast Facts: Gitlow v. State of New York Case Argued: April 13, 1923; November 23, 1923Decision Issued:  June 8, 1925Petitioner:  Benjamin GitlowRespondent:  People of the State of New YorkKey Questions: Does the First Amendment prevent a state from punishing political speech that directly advocates violent overthrow of the government?Majority Decision: Justices Taft, Van Devanter, McReynolds, Sutherland, Butler, Sanford, and StoneDissenting: Justices Holmes and BrandeisRuling: Citing the Criminal Anarchy Law, the State of New York could prohibit advocating violent efforts to overthrow the government. Facts of the Case In 1919, Benjamin Gitlow was a member of the Left Wing section of the Socialist Party. He managed a paper whose headquarters doubled as an organizing space for members of his political party. Gitlow used his position at the paper to order and distribute copies of a pamphlet called the â€Å"Left Wing Manifesto.† The pamphlet called for the rise of socialism through revolt against the government using organized political strikes and any other means. After distributing the pamphlet, Gitlow was indicted and convicted by the Supreme Court of New York under the New York’s Criminal Anarchy Law. The Criminal Anarchy Law, which was adopted in 1902,  prohibited anyone from spreading the idea that the U.S. government should be overthrown through force or any other unlawful means. Constitutional Issues Gitlow’s attorneys appealed the case to the highest level:  the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court was tasked with deciding whether New York’s Criminal Anarchy Law violated the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Under the First Amendment, can a state prohibit individual speech if that speech calls for overthrowing of the government? The Arguments Gitlow’s attorneys argued that the Criminal Anarchy Law was unconstitutional. They asserted that, that under the  Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, states could not create laws that violated  First Amendment protections. According to Gitlow’s attorneys, the Criminal Anarchy Law unconstitutionally suppressed Gitlow’s right to free speech. Furthermore, they argued, under Schenck v. U.S., the state needed to prove that the pamphlets created a â€Å"clear and present danger† to the U.S. government in order to suppress the speech. Gitlow’s pamphlets had not resulted in harm, violence, or the overthrowing of the government. Counsel for the state of New York argued that the state had a right to prohibit threatening speech. Gitlow’s pamphlets advocated for violence and the state could constitutionally suppress them in the interest of safety. Counsel for New York also argued that the Supreme Court should not meddle in state affairs, asserting that the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution should remain exclusively part of the federal system because the New York State Constitution adequately protected Gitlow’s rights. Majority Opinion Justice Edward Sanford delivered the opinion of the court in 1925. The Court found that the Criminal Anarchy Law was constitutional because the state had a right to protect its citizens from violence. New York could not be expected to wait for violence to break out before suppressing speech advocating for that violence. Justice Sanford wrote, â€Å"[T]he immediate danger is none the less real and substantial, because the effect of a given utterance cannot be accurately foreseen.† Consequently, the fact that no actual violence had come from the pamphlets was irrelevant to the Justices. The Court drew upon two previous cases, Schenck v. U.S. and Abrams v. U.S., to demonstrate that the First Amendment was not absolute in its protection of free speech. Under Schenck, speech could be limited if the government could demonstrate that the words created a â€Å"clear and present danger.† In Gitlow, the Court partially overturned Schenck, because the Justices did not adhere to the â€Å"clear and present danger† test. Instead, they reasoned that a person simply needed to show a â€Å"bad tendency† for speech to be suppressed. The Court also found that the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights was meant to apply to state laws as well as federal laws. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment reads that no state can pass a law that deprives any person of life, liberty, or property. The court interpreted â€Å"liberty† as the freedoms listed in the Bill of Rights (speech, the exercise of religion, etc.). Therefore, through the Fourteenth Amendment, states have to respect the first amendment right to freedom of speech. Justice Sanfords opinion explained: â€Å"For present purposes we may and do assume that freedom of speech and of the press — which is protected by the First Amendment from abridgment by Congress — are among the fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the States.† Dissenting Opinion In a famous dissent, Justices Brandeis and Holmes sided with Gitlow. They did not find the Criminal Anarchy Law unconstitutional, but instead argued that it had been improperly applied. The Justices reasoned that the court should have upheld the Schenck v. U.S. decision, and that they could not show that Gitlow’s pamphlets created a â€Å"clear and present danger.† In fact, the Justices opined: â€Å"Every idea is an incitement [†¦]. The only difference between the expression of an opinion and an incitement in the narrower sense is the speakers enthusiasm for the result.† Gitlow’s actions did not meet the threshold set by the test in Schenck, the dissent argued, and thus his speech should not have been suppressed. The Impact The ruling was groundbreaking for several reasons. It overturned a previous case, Barron v. Baltimore, by finding that the Bill of Rights applied to the states and not just the federal government. This decision would later become known as the â€Å"incorporation principle† or the â€Å"incorporation doctrine.† It laid the groundwork for civil rights claims that would reshape American culture in the following decades. With respect to free speech, the Court later reversed its Gitlow position. In the 1930s, the Supreme Court made it increasingly difficult to suppress speech. However, criminal anarchy laws, like the one in New York, remained in use until the late 1960s as a method of  suppressing some types of political speech. Sources Gitlow v. People, 268 U.S. 653 (1925).Tourek, Mary. â€Å"New York Criminal Anarchy Law Signed.†Ã‚  Today in Civil Liberties History, 19 Apr. 2018, todayinclh.com/?eventnew-york-criminal-anarchy-law-signed.

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight In Heaven Essay

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight In Heaven Defining exactly what shapes ethnic identity in the United States is the hardest question I can imagine being asked. As a child born in the United States, I find this question so difficult because I have been exposed to a large variety of cultures within the small boundaries of my own family. This makes it very difficult to determine one, or even a few characteristics that define ethnic identity. In the case of many of these novels, the task of defining ethnic identity is not so complicated. The list of determinants that I believe to define ethnic identity includes language, geographic location, and tradition. Language is the most obvious determinant of ethnic identity, especially†¦show more content†¦In the book that I chose to read, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven, by Sherman Alexie, this was the chief determinant of ethnicity. In this novel, the main character spends much of his life on an Indian Reservation. The Reservation facilitates only Indians, and each inhabitant of the Reservation seems to know what the others are thinking. They all seem to accept the fact that the entire Reservation suffers with alcoholism, which was a burdening theme of the entire novel. The fact that all of the Indians live in the same area, with limited interaction involving non-Indian people, defines them as an ethnic race. In the case of this novel, they may have been poorly defined as alcoholics, but the Reservation defined them, nonetheless. Part of the definition of ethnic identity can often times be the common rejection of other ethnic values for a specific reason. This rejection of influence from other ethnicities seemed to be quite a common theme in all of the novels reviewed in our selection, but most abundant in Coming of Age in Mississippi, by Anne Moody. In this novel there was consistent conflict among black slaves due to the turmoil endured throughout lives in which rich, white plantation owners were served. Many slaves, and freed slaves that maintained the same duties with pay when awarded their freedom, were fed up with working for men that had treated them so poorly in the past. Lack of employment optionsShow MoreRelated Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven956 Words   |  4 Pagesa person tried to be unique, the society would try to drag that person down to society’s hopeless status. Personally, I couldn’t stand a minute in a world like that. Unfortunate ly, worlds like these exist. In Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fist Fight in Heaven, Alexie writes about a typical Indian reservation in the United States without hope, diversity, uniqueness, heroes and role models. 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In the collection, Alexie depicts the life of several Indian’s lives, living on the Spokane Indian reservation many of whom face discrimination on a daily basis. The ideas behind the bigotry in the assortment of stories are backed by Alexie’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Lone Ranger And Tonto Heaven 804 Words   |  4 PagesWithin â€Å"The Lone Ranger and Tonto in Heaven†, Victor is the main character of the stories in the book. Though his character, Victor was the young teenager who grows up in the Indian Reservation, and he is observing his society and struggle of the Indian Identity, alcoholic behavior, and family relationships. Sherman Alexie is the author s of the book, and he grows up in t he Spokane Indian Reservation in Washington. He also wrote books, poems, and movie scripts. 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Kids on the reservation always start off good with school and sports keeping them busy, but somewhere along the way they always seem to fall off track. That is

Crystal Violet Formal Lab free essay sample

Upon completion of the experiment it was seen that the rate of reaction of crystal violet turned out to be 1 which meant the reaction was first order with respect to crystal violet. This was deduced upon plotting the graph of ln Absorbance versus time of crystal violet and by drawing the line of best fit, which showed that the slope graph was 1 which is the rate of reaction. This whole experiment was based upon the equation: Rate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k stands for the rate constant. Introduction: Kinetics, which is the study of how fast a reaction takes place or in other words the rate of a reaction, is the main ideology in this experiment. Reaction rates can be measured in a number of ways: by monitoring the amount of product formed, by measuring the loss in mass of reactants, for reactions involving gaseous products measuring the volume of gas produced, by electrolytic conductivity, pH measurement or for colored reactants or products measuring the transmittance by the use of a colorimeter. In this experiment the last method of measurement is used which is colorimetry. Colorimetry is a method of determining the kinetics of a reaction using a spectrometer which observes the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted through a colored solution. As a reaction proceeds, the reactants either fades away or the product forms the color. By monitoring these changes the amount of product formed or reactant used up with respect to time can be monitored. The amount of light that is absorbed by a colored substance can be measured by calculating percentage absorbance or transmittance. A very helpful device known as colorimeter which is present in almost all equipped labs makes this quite simple to deduce. The machine displays the amount of light that passes through or absorbed by the substance. This instrument is based on the optics law or more commonly known as Beer-Lambert law, which is used in measuring the concentration of a solute in contrast to its absorbance. The colorimeter measures the wavelengths of different solutions as they vary. Distilled water is used as a reference in this experiment as it contains no colored elements and has a value of zero when inserted into the colorimeter. Crystal violet, a purple dye commonly used in inks or printers is reacted with sodium hydroxide, commonly known as caustic soda which is a powerful base. Sodium hydroxide is a colorless solution which when reacted with crystal violet causes it to lose its purple color and form a colorless product. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the order of the reaction with respect to crystal violet by using colorimetry. The amount of crystal violet is kept at a constant during the whole experiment while various amounts of sodium hydroxide, each of varying concentration are used. This method of determining rates is called the isolation method. Amount of reactant used with respect to time or the rate of reaction can be determined by plotting a graph of concentration versus time for the reactant if the reaction is first order. The slope is a measure of how much reactant is used per unit of time. As the concentration of reactant reduces in a chemical reaction, the slope is a negative value, hence by considering the absolute value of the slope, the rate of reaction of that reactant can be found for the reaction. If the reaction was to be of second order, a graph of ln of concentration versus time would produce the rate of reaction by determining the slope like before. It must be noted that only the absolute value of the slope matters in this situation. Third order reactions have somewhat a similar story except they require a plot of 1/concentration versus time to determine rate of reaction. When all three graphs are plotted, the graph with the line of best fit, or the one in which all point seem to be on a straight line is the correct one for the reaction. This is easily drawn using the LoggerPro software. When all three graphs are drawn, the graph with the best fit line and lowest root mean square error, or the lowest deviation from the best fit line, is the graph to be used to determine reaction kinematics. This knowledge is acquired from the equations of the integrated rate laws which are explained in the textbook. The solutions are mixed in small amounts in cuvettes and inserted into the colorimeter, which reads the percentage transmittance during the time period. The colorimeter has an enclosed space for the cuvette to be inserted making sure light from other sources does not interfere with the reaction, hence providing accurate results. The rate of the reaction is determined by using the equation: Rate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k is the rate constant for the reaction. Materials: Solutions of crystal violet and sodium hydroxide were available in the laboratory which were previously prepared of concentrations 2. 00 E-5 and 2. 00 E-2 respectively. Deionized water was used in calibration while cuvettes were used to transfer substances into the colorimeter. Magnetic stirrers along with stir bars were used in mixing the reagents together which were transferred to the beaker via pipettes to ensure accurate results were produced. Methods: Three solutions were made to be put into the cuvttes. The first of them contained 20ml of crystal violet and 20ml of sodium hydroxide. The second had 20ml crystal violet along with 10ml of distilled water and 10ml of sodium hydroxide. The third solution contained 20ml crystal violet with 15ml distilled water and 5ml sodium hydroxide. The reagents were mixed well in beakers, each containing the different solutions and were stirred sufficiently on a magnetic stir plate. The colorimeter was calibrated with distilled water which set a reference value of zero making sure that all succeeding readings would be accurate. A small sample of the first solution was placed in a cuvette which was inserted into the colorimeter. Data collection started immediately and was recorded for 15 min, the whole duration of the cuvette in the colorimeter. The different values of transmittance were recorded and the data was plotted into a graph with the help of LoggerPro software. The same procedure was repeated for the second and third solution and thereby obtaining three different Absorbance versus time graphs for each. Care was taken at every step of this experiment to ensure that errors were minimized to the fullest. The colorimeter was calibrated every time before placing a new cuvette into it to make sure results were accurate. The dye was handled with care as it leaves stain marks on any surface it is spilled on. Goggles were worn throughout the experiment to keep the eyes from risk of exposure. Safety gloves were worn to handle all reagents as one of them, sodium hydroxide, is a strong base and has significant corrosive properties. The graphs obtained from the three solutions were then manipulated using the LoggerPro software which enables he application of various calculus functions to produce different graphs, all of which lead to determination of the order of the reaction. A line of best fit was applied to all three graphs and the slopes (m), absorbance value at 7min (a) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were recorded. The first graph was reopened and a new column of ln Absorbance was made, using this data, another plot of ln Absorbance versus time was created using LoggerPro. This was done again for the second and third solutions. The graph of Absorbance versus time for the first solution was opened again to produce a graph of 1/Absorbance versus time which was saved. All of these were made possible using LoggerPro. All of the graphs produced had a line of best fit through them which made it easy to determine slope and RMSE values for each of them along with absorbance values at 7 minutes, which is the half life of the reaction period or half the time for the data to be collected. All of the data collected from the graphs were tabulated and values were used in determining the reaction rate of the reaction. Results: Figure 1: Graph slowing relationship of Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 2: Relationship of ln Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 3: Plot of 1/Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 4: ln Absorbance versus time plot for solution 2 Solution| Order(p)| ? RMSE? | 1| 0| 0. 01641| 1| 1| 0. 01129| 1| 2| 0. 3810| Table 1: RMSE values for the three graphs for solution 1 Solution| Order (p)| [OH-]0/M| Kps= -Slope(m)*| 1| 1| 10. E-3| 0. 09287| 2| 1| 5. 0E-3| 0. 1238| 3| 1| 2. 5E-3| 0. 01038| *(m= slope from plot of ln Absorbance versus time) Table 2: Slopes of the different ln Absorbance versus time for three graphs Figure 5: Plot of kps (slope) versus [OH-]0 Figure 6: Graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 Solution| Order(p)| Slope (m)| Value at 7 min (a)| RMSE| ? RMSE/a? | 1| 0| -0. 02360| 0. 271| 0. 01641| 0. 0605| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 1| 2| 0. 40210| 0. 271| 0. 3810| 1. 405| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 2| 1| -0. 12380| 0. 134| 0. 01566| 0. 1169| 3| 1| -0. 010380| 0. 492| 0. 00693| 0. 0141| Table 3: Data obtained from all the graphs plotted It was observed during the reaction that the color changed from purple to colorless at the end when taken out of the cuvette. Discussion: Table 1 shows the absolute (RMSE /a) values for the first solution. The RMSE values are obtained from the graphs produced from solution 1(graphs 1, 2 and 3). The graph with the least absolute RMSE/a value is the one with the best fit line with the greatest accuracy; hence the graph 2 or the plot of ln Absorbance versus time for solution 1 is the most accurate one as it has an absolute RMSE/a value of 0. 129. Thus it can be deduced from the table that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet. Since it is now known that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet, the functional relationship for p=1 is: ln Absorbance= [ln Absorbance]0- kpst; This equation is familiar since it is one of the integrated rate law equations as seen previously. First order reactions are determined if the plot of ln Absorbance versus time ha ve a line of best fit which is accurate. Thus the equation above shows that the best fit line from the plot would equal to –kps. Therefore the kps values would be equal to negative of the slopes of ln Absorbance versus time graphs for all three solutions which is depicted in Table 2. To determine the order of reaction with respect to [OH-] some more calculations are required and more graphs are required to be plotted. The kps values obtained from Table 2 along with the [OH-]0 values aid in the plotting of another kps versus [OH-]0 graph. The graph that is obtained is shown in Figure 5. To double check the accuracy of the graph, a second graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 is plotted which would be the graph if the reaction was to be of order 1 with respect to [OH-] which is depicted in Figure 6. When the two graphs are compared to each other and their slopes and RMSE values compared from the data collected in Table 3, it is seen that the reaction is actually in fact order 1. 5 which when rounded off to the nearest integer would be equal to 1. q= slope of plot of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0= 1. 581 as seen from Figure 6. The RMSE value is also a very low value which means that this value would be very accurate and hence the reaction would be first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The discrepancy in the final value of q can be accounted for by transfer losses, when the reagents were being transferred from the pipette to the beaker; some of it remains in the pipette and causes the concentration to be a little lower than actually reported. It should also be noted that the same cuvette was not used throughout the experiment. Different cuvettes are made from different plastics from varying compositions which mean they have different permeability which doesn’t allow the same wavelengths of light to pass through all of them, thus the colorimeter reads differently which causes errors. The reaction starts off with a purple color as crystal violet is a purple solution and sodium hydroxide is colorless. As time elapses, the violet color starts to fade away and the solution becomes colorless as their product is a colorless aqueous solution. Conclusion: Thus the above experiment concludes that the reaction was first order with respect to crystal violet and also first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The overall reaction order was 2 with respect to crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. The overall of the rate law for the reaction would be: Rate: k [CV+] [OH-]. To ensure results are more accurate in the future, a single cuvette should be used when carrying out the whole experiment and all of the reagents must be transferred efficiently without loses to and from the beaker to ensure 100% efficiency along with using proper safety equipment while handling chemicals. References: 1. Atkins, P. W. (1978). Physical chemistry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. 2. Allen, J. P. (2008). Biophysical chemistry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 3. Lindon, J. C. , Tranter, G. E. , amp; Holmes, J. L. (2000). Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry. San Diego: Academic Press. Appendix: Solution 1: Order 0, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01641/0. 271= 0. 0605 Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01129/0. 271= 0. 0416 Order 2, ? RMSE/a? =0. 3810/0. 217= 1. 4050 Solution 2, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? =0. 01566/0. 134= 0. 1169 Solution 3, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 00693/0. 492= 0. 0141